Difference between revisions of "Tem"

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==6: SEP 23==
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==11: OCT 6==
  
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===Assigned Reading===
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===Assigned===
  
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:*Pollan, Michael. Part 1: From Food to Nutrients (pp. 19-27) (8)
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:*Haidt, Chapter 5, "Beyond WEIRD Morality" (17)
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:*Pollan, Michael. Part 2: The Western Diet (pp. 101-136) (35)
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:*Writing exercise: How WEIRD is Morality?
  
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===Pollan, Michael. Part 1: From Food to Nutrients (19-27)===
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===Brief Survey on Student Engagement in Hybrid course delivery===
  
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:*claims that in the 80s we started describing food in terms of nutrients.
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:*Please take the following anonymous [https://gonzaga.az1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_3I98g1ecsTe59ZP survey].
  
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:* credits William Prout with discovery of centrality of protein, fat, and carbs.  Liebig credited also.  Also discovers role of nitrogen phosphorus, and potassium in growing plants.  Claims to have solved problem of nutrition.  (Reductive theory).
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===Final Stage of Sapolsky Writing Assignment===
  
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:*discovery of vitamins 1912. Casimir Funk.   
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:*'''Stage 4''': Back-evaluation: After you receive your peer comments and my evaluation, take a few minutes to fill out this quick "back evaluation" rating form: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdgKCYITDTSOOHcvC3TAVNK-EZDsP4jiiyPj-7jdpRoNUsLPA/viewform?usp=sf_link].  '''Fill out the form for each reviewer, but not Alfino.''' Up to 10 points, in Points.
  
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:*22:  1977 McGovern Committee: first Diet Goals for the US.
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::*Back evaluations are due '''Thursday, October 8, 11:59pm'''.
  
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:*Lipid hypothesis:  claim that high levels of heart disease in the US were result of dietary fat consumption, especially from meat and dairy. 
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===Some samples from Henrich's, "The Weirdest People on Earth"===
  
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:*Committee rec. reducing fat intake.  Backlash. To avoid targeting a particular food industry, the committee started to use broader catergories of foods and nutritional markers to identify dietary goals. Foods seen as delivery systems for nutrients. Some scientists like T. Colin Campbell objected, claiming that food and diet is still a legit level to see relationships. Heart disease might not only be about fat intake, but also lack of plant based foods.   
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:*p. 25: "Who Am I?" task.  Show charts
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:*p. 28: sociocentric vs. individualistic
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:*p. 34: guilt vs. shame
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:*p. 44: impersonal honesty research (recall Ariely).   
  
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:*Nutritionism.
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===Haidt, Chapter 5, "Beyond WEIRD Morality"===
  
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===Pollan, Part II of ''In Defense of Food''===
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====WEIRD Morality====
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:*WEIRD morality is the morality of Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic cultures
 +
::*just as likely to be bothered by taboo violations, but more likely to set aside feelings of disgust and allow violations
 +
::*only group with majority allowing chicken story violation.
 +
::*"the weirder you are the more likely you are to see the world in terms of separate objects, rather than relationships"  "sociocentric" moralities vs. individualistic moralities; Enlightenment moralities of Kant and Mill are rationalist, individualist, and universalist. 
 +
::*survey data on East/West differences in sentence completion: "I am..."
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::*framed-line task 97
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:*Kantian and Millian ethical thought is rationalist, rule based, and universalist.  Just the ethical theory you would expect from the culture. 
  
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:*Part II : Western Diet and diseases of civilization
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====A 3 channel moral matrix====
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:*Schweder's anthropology: ethics of autonomy, community, divinity 99-100 - gloss each...
 +
::*claims Schweder's theory predicts responses on taboo violation tests, is descriptively accurate.
 +
::*ethic of divinity: body as temple vs. playground
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::*vertical dimension to values.  explains reactions to flag desecration, piss Christ, thought exp: desecration of liberal icons.  (Note connection to contemporary conflicts, such as the Charlie Hebdot massacre.)
  
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:*'''Chapter 1: The Aborigine in all of us'''
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====Making Sense of Moral/Cultural Difference====
 +
:*'''Haidt's Bhubaneswar experience''': diverse (intense) continua of moral values related to purity. (opposite of disgust). Confusing at first, but notice that he started to like his hosts (elephant) and then started to think about how their values might work.  Stop and think about how a mind might create this.  Detail about airline passenger.
 +
:*Theorizing with Paul Rozin on the right model for thinking about moral foundations: "Our theory, in brief" (103)
 +
:*American politics often about sense of "sacrilege", not just about defining rights (autonomy).  Not just harm, but types of moral disgust.
 +
:*'''Stepping out of the Matrix''':  H's metaphor for seeing his own cultural moral values as more "contingent" than before, when it felt like the natural advocacy of what seem true and right.  Reports growing self awareness of liberal orientation of intellectual culture in relation to Shweder's view.  Social conservatives made more sense to him after studying in India.
  
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:*Summer 1982 - W. Australia aborigines study -- "metabolic syndrome" -- defined, theorized as signature disease of western diet. [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/metabolic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351916]
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===Small Group Discussion===
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:*Discussion questions:
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:*O'Dea's results p. 87.  Note that she didn't look for a silver bullet, a single factor.  Just the diet change.
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::*Does it make sense to talk about "stepping out of a matrix"? Is this a temporary thing? What value might it have in your experience?
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::*Do you have a parallel story to Haidt's?  (Mention travel experiences.)
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:*Major premise:  Compare us to many traditional diet populations and the difference in diseases profile is stark.  It might be the "whole diet pattern" rather than a single imbalance.  (The imbalances are symptoms.)
 
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:*'''Chapter 2: The Elephant in the Room'''
 
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:*Group of early 20th c intellectuals/doctors (bot 90) noticed absence of chronic disease in populations they traveled to. 
 
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:*British doc Dens Burkitt: "Western Diseases" -- diseases attributable to western diet and lifestyle.
 
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:*Pollan chooses the story of Weston Price from this group.
 
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:*Two objections to hyp that Western diet is to blame:  disease/race theory (but evidence from mixed ethnicity/race cultures like US suggests not), demographic theory (we live longer, so we get more disease).  In both cases, the evidence refutes the claim.
 
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:*Weston Price -- b. 1870.  diseases of teeth are effects of Western diet.  1939 major work after global travels looking at teeth.  Lots and lots of teeth.  kind of an amateur scientists, but collected important data (and seen right by later dental research).  hard to find control groups.  Price found big differences in Vit A and D.  (Note comment about Masai -- .  Multiple successful diets for omnivores.)  pl 98:  note comparison of groups with wild animal flesh and agriculturalists. 
 
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:*first to make comparisons of grass fed / winter forage fed animals to find vitamin differences.  [https://www.pureeiredairy.com/blank-t1jyw Example from Pure Eire Dairy]
 
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:*decline of nutrition in current vegetables and fruits: [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/soil-depletion-and-nutrition-loss/]
 
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:*Albert Howard 99 -- "father" of organic farming movement; early 20th century; similar time period, making argument against synthetic nitrogen (more later).  both pioneers in what would later be seen as an ecological approach to food production. 
 
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:*Important: Among first to see a connection between dietary diseases of the food system as part of an "ecological dysfunction". (This is a theme that will occupy alot of our attention in the course.)
 
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:*'''Chapter 3: The Industrialization of Eating'''
 
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:*thesis: Calling for a more ecological way of thinking about food. think of food as mutual adaptation of plants and animals to humans.  propagation/place in ecology of food chain.  example of fruit: ripeness, transportation, high nutrient state.  Corn vs. corn syrup.  (Note point about possible future humans who could use HFCS.  also true of milk in history of agriculture.  Pollan doesn't quite give the details on milk.  not like a light switching on. Textbook example of gene-culture co-evolution.  Selective advantage for those who keep lactase expression going past breast feeding.  You can always leave it to natural selection to favor those who can get on with the new diet.)
 
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:*Types of Changes that mark the Western Industrial Diet
 
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::*1. From Whole Foods to Refined
 
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:::*prestige of refined products: prior to roller technology, white rice and flour would be labor added, story of grain rollers 107, Refined flour is the first industrial fast food.  Fresh flour lasts days. 108: specific details germ/endosperm, but also local mills, water power.  Fortified bread.  B vitamins added back in to reduce pellagra and beriberi.
 
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:::*1996: added folic acid.
 
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:::*Jacobs and Stefffen study:  epidemiological study showing effects of whole grains, but also that groups not eating whole grains, but getting equivalent nutrients did not enjoy benefits.  alludes to possible '''wholism''' in effects.  Sugar intake since 1870's.   
 
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::*2. From Complexity to Simplicity
 
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:::*The flip side of food degradation is soil degradation.  nitrogen fertilizers.  simplification through chemical processing.  control.  Documented nutrient decline in foods (also article above). 
 
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:::*simplification of plant species in industrial foods.  Again, appearance of greater variety in industrial food store, but products actually represent a small variety plants and animals.  116 for details.
 
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:::*details on loss of food crop diversity. [https://civileats.com/2015/10/05/u-s-farms-becoming-less-diverse-over-time/].  [https://www.agprofessional.com/article/study-us-farm-data-shows-loss-crop-diversity-past-34-years Industrial publication] on loss of crop diversity.
 
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:::*conclusion: there may be a false economy in industrial food production.  varietals, soil, diversity of food have values that are lost in assessing costs at the retail level and without this knowledge. 
 
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::*3. Quality to Quantity
 
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:::*Industrial food system has favored cheap macro-nutrients over cheap whole foods.  (whole foods in Italian significantly cheaper.)
 
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:::*decline in nutrient content (118-119: review), "nutritional inflation," interest in "phytochemicals" -- seem related to anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. 
 
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:::*False food value lesson from "nutritional inflation" :  You get a larger variety of X fruit or veg with less nutrition, but it's cheaper.  Problem is that you have a limited volume of food intake, so you lose value in the end and possibly compromise nutrition. Simplification of species diversity and monoculture of ag.  corn and soy are very efficient producers of carb calories.  but then we draw less food diversity by focusing on these two.
 
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:::*decline in food nutrient content from food grown in impoverished soil. Calls the result "nutritional inflation" because you have to get greater volumes of food to get your nutrition.  some details on how soils matter: growing time affects mineral and vitamin levels (bio-accumulation).  some evidence that organic plants have chemicals related to immune responses. 
 
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:::*"overfed and undernurished"
 
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:::*cites Bruce Ames, serious researcher interest in micronutrition and cancer.  Interesting theory (unproven) that "satiety" mechanisms are tied to nutrition such that a malnurished body always feels hungry.
 
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::*4. Leaves to Seeds
 
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:::*shift from leaves to seeds decreases anti-oxidants and phytonutrients in our diet. 
 
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:::*Mentions Susan Allport's ''The Queen of Fats''
 
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:::*more seeds tilt in the fat profile of the food product toward O6.  less healthy fat.  O3 fats spoil faster, so tend to be removed from industrial food.  nutritional advice to move toward seed oils didn't originally distinguish O3 from O6. 
 
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:::*Claims that lipidphobia led us to shift to seed oils (give up butter --which has some 03 fats and move to corn -- which is high in 06 fats) and that led to a change in ratio of O6/O3 from 3:1 to 10:1.  note the connection p. 129 between fat profile and sense of "food security" -- interesting digression here.  Could we have a deep fear of hunger that still leads us to choose overeating, especially of caloric foods? 
 
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:::*O3 decline also related to mental health.  130
 
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::*5. From Food Culture to Food Science
 
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:::*shift from reliance on national / ethnic food cultures to science.
 
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===Resisting Industrial Foods (Alfino)===
 
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:*You can reverse each of the trends Pollan identifies in his discussion of industrial food and the Western Diet that it supplies.
 
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:*From refined to whole foods. Simple to Complex.  Apple confections to apples, [https://www.myfooddiary.com/foods/1435292/starbucks-bran-muffin Starbucks muffins] to a home made muffin (digression on [https://recipes.sparkpeople.com/recipe-detail.asp?recipe=1213856 Bob's Red Mill muffins] using N, S, and P).
 
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:*Quality to Quantity:  "Pay more eat less".  Comparisons of taste (and nutrition) between industrial and non-industrial foods.  Taste (in a basic food) as guide to soil quality. 
 
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:*More leaves.  Omega 6 and 3 issue.  Fiber and microbiota. How do you get more plants in your diet?  N S P. Practicality in the supply chain is the hardest part here.  Maximizing taste and freshness, food deserts.  Examples in Spokane: high quality produce and CSA/Linc foods.
 
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:*Back to Food Culture: Charms of American and global cuisine. 
 
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::*Is American cuisine different from traditional cuisines?  Might be considered an "interrupted" or "melting pot" cuisine.  Based on expansion into a territory abundant with meat and commericial industrial culture in which novel taste and marketing drive market share.  A culture of consumers not tied strongly to cuisines of ethnic origin (note exceptions).  We're weird. 
 
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::*Value of traditional historical global cuisines -- long history of creating nutritious and tasty diets (not just dishes) under conditions of food scarcity. Pre-urban cuisines had greater use of higher quality oils (digress on Italian oil buying habits), access to fresh herbs (expensive in urban food culture).  Again with "cucina povera".  In terms of practicality, traditional cuisines often create diversity of dishes from common patterns of herbs, spices, and cooking methods.  Compare to stocking and supplying an international/global cuisine kitchen.  Food waste. A foodie could have a very austere yet satisfying and practical kitchen modelling cooking on a traditional "cucina povera".
 

Latest revision as of 19:51, 6 October 2020

11: OCT 6

Assigned

  • Haidt, Chapter 5, "Beyond WEIRD Morality" (17)
  • Writing exercise: How WEIRD is Morality?

Brief Survey on Student Engagement in Hybrid course delivery

  • Please take the following anonymous survey.

Final Stage of Sapolsky Writing Assignment

  • Stage 4: Back-evaluation: After you receive your peer comments and my evaluation, take a few minutes to fill out this quick "back evaluation" rating form: [1]. Fill out the form for each reviewer, but not Alfino. Up to 10 points, in Points.
  • Back evaluations are due Thursday, October 8, 11:59pm.

Some samples from Henrich's, "The Weirdest People on Earth"

  • p. 25: "Who Am I?" task. Show charts
  • p. 28: sociocentric vs. individualistic
  • p. 34: guilt vs. shame
  • p. 44: impersonal honesty research (recall Ariely).

Haidt, Chapter 5, "Beyond WEIRD Morality"

WEIRD Morality

  • WEIRD morality is the morality of Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic cultures
  • just as likely to be bothered by taboo violations, but more likely to set aside feelings of disgust and allow violations
  • only group with majority allowing chicken story violation.
  • "the weirder you are the more likely you are to see the world in terms of separate objects, rather than relationships" "sociocentric" moralities vs. individualistic moralities; Enlightenment moralities of Kant and Mill are rationalist, individualist, and universalist.
  • survey data on East/West differences in sentence completion: "I am..."
  • framed-line task 97
  • Kantian and Millian ethical thought is rationalist, rule based, and universalist. Just the ethical theory you would expect from the culture.

A 3 channel moral matrix

  • Schweder's anthropology: ethics of autonomy, community, divinity 99-100 - gloss each...
  • claims Schweder's theory predicts responses on taboo violation tests, is descriptively accurate.
  • ethic of divinity: body as temple vs. playground
  • vertical dimension to values. explains reactions to flag desecration, piss Christ, thought exp: desecration of liberal icons. (Note connection to contemporary conflicts, such as the Charlie Hebdot massacre.)

Making Sense of Moral/Cultural Difference

  • Haidt's Bhubaneswar experience: diverse (intense) continua of moral values related to purity. (opposite of disgust). Confusing at first, but notice that he started to like his hosts (elephant) and then started to think about how their values might work. Stop and think about how a mind might create this. Detail about airline passenger.
  • Theorizing with Paul Rozin on the right model for thinking about moral foundations: "Our theory, in brief" (103)
  • American politics often about sense of "sacrilege", not just about defining rights (autonomy). Not just harm, but types of moral disgust.
  • Stepping out of the Matrix: H's metaphor for seeing his own cultural moral values as more "contingent" than before, when it felt like the natural advocacy of what seem true and right. Reports growing self awareness of liberal orientation of intellectual culture in relation to Shweder's view. Social conservatives made more sense to him after studying in India.

Small Group Discussion

  • Discussion questions:
  • Does it make sense to talk about "stepping out of a matrix"? Is this a temporary thing? What value might it have in your experience?
  • Do you have a parallel story to Haidt's? (Mention travel experiences.)
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