Difference between revisions of "FEB 10"

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==7: FEB 10 Unit Two: Traditional Approaches==
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==7. FEB 10==
  
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===Assigned===
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===Assigned Work===
  
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:*Nagel, Thomas. "Moral Luck" (1979) (10)
+
:*Nix, Stacy. Chapter 4: "Proteins" Williams' Basic Nutrition and Diet Therapy (pp. 47-63).
 +
:*Shepard, Gordon, C7 "Images of Smell: An "Aha" Moment" (66-76; 10)
 +
:*Fill out [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfIR4TuYZECqTbeC5M3ys5B2I1qN4kw3cIKbOB8EQj9OObCOA/viewform?usp=sf_link Proteins Worksheet] (Points)
  
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:*Frankfurt, Harry. "Alternative Possibilities and Moral Responsibility" (1969) (10)
+
===In-class===
  
−
===More thoughts on helpful peer commenting===
+
:*Energy density v. Nutrient density. 
  
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:*You are only asked to write two or three sentences of comments, so choose wisely!
+
===Nix, "Proteins"===
  
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:*"gentle criticism"
+
:*'''Nature of'''
−
::*"I'm having trouble understanding this sentence" vs. "This sentence makes no sense!" 
 
−
::*Wrap a criticism with an affirmation or positive comment
 
−
:*General and specific -- Ok to identify general problem with the writing, but giving examples of the problem or potential solutions. 
 
  
−
===Nagel, Thomas. "Moral Luck"===
+
::*20 amino acids, 9 essential; proteins are polypeptides -- chains of amino acids 100s of links long. Proteins exist in specific forms in foods (ex. casein is milk protein) and are broken down by us into amino acids and resembled as protein in metabolism. 
 +
::*Classes of amino acids: indispensable (9), dispensable (5), and conditionally indispensable (6).
 +
::*Conditionally dispensable: Example: If low on Mthionine(essential), then you need cysteine (cond. indis.) from diet.
 +
::*About 16% nitrogen; protein is a primary source of nitrogen in diet. 
 +
::*Catabolism and Anabolism: Metabolic process of breaking down tissue and building it up.
 +
::*Nitrogen Balance is shown when excretion of urinary nitrogen occurs as by product of protein metabolism (ratio of 1 g of urinary nitrogen to 6.25 g of protein).  Negative nitrogen balance can be a symptom of protein deficiency.  Kwashiorkor. 
 +
::*Tissue proteins, plasma proteins, and dietary protein.  You dietary protein is contributing to a much larger and complex protein manufacture and delivery service. 
  
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:*famous Kant quote: good will is good apart from nature.
+
:*'''Functions of Protein Metabolism'''
  
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:*but in ordinary moral judgment we do not seem justified in blame people for what is out of their control.
+
::*Tissue growth/repair: largest component of tissue by dry weight.  75% of dry body weight. 
−
::*cases: atttempted murder, heroism succeeding or failing, not being in Germany in 1930's
+
::*Water and pH balance; plasma proteins can exert osmotic pressure to help circulation of tissue fluids (I think this is the "interstitium", but I'm not completely sure).[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitium]
 +
::*Proteins can take up acids to contribute to blood Ph management.
 +
::*Metabolism, transport, immune system, energy system.  Wide range of functions here.  We have already met "lipproteins" that help carry fats around.  Here you learn that enzymes, transport agents, and hormones also have protein structures.
 +
::*Proteins also help make white blood cells, so support your immune system. 
  
−
:*2: proposal: separate luck from moral judgement "look for a more refined condition of control".  He rejects this proposal - not a hypothetical question
+
:*'''Food Sources'''
 +
::*Complete proteins mostly from animal sources, including dairy, cheese. (Digress on the "complete protein controversy.  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6893534/]
 +
::*Soy is the only complete plant protein.
 +
::*Completing proteins, or, more current “protein scores”:  p. 52.  also compare links ceci beans [[https://tools.myfooddata.com/nutrition-facts/173757/100g/1]], lentils [https://tools.myfooddata.com/nutrition-facts/172421/100g/1], peanut butter  [[https://tools.myfooddata.com/nutrition-facts/174294/100g/1]].  Sirloin steak [https://tools.myfooddata.com/nutrition-facts/169457/100g/1].
 +
::*Advice on vegetarian diets -  Mix grains and legumes, eat soy based foods like tofu if possible.  Note reference to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics document (in your links collection)
 +
::*Old Advice for plant proteins: Balance for "complete proteins". New Advice: Choose a variety of plant proteins over days. Consider "protein score", which is typically a combination of a PDCAAS (Protein digestivility Correted Amino Acid Score) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Digestibility_Corrected_Amino_Acid_Score#:~:text=Using%20the%20PDCAAS%20method%2C%20the,possible%20score%20being%20a%201.0.] and an Amino acid score [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_score]   
 +
::*Note health benefits of vegetarian diet on p. 54.   
  
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:*Four types of luck:
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:*'''Digestion of Proteins'''
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::*constitutive
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::*Occurs in stomach and small intestines - unlike Carbs and Fats, which are not digested in stomach.
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::*circustantial
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::*Proteing enzymes have to be stored in inactive form (proenzymes or “precursors”) or they would break down body tisssue! 
−
::*luck in how one is determined by antecedent casuses
 
−
::*luck in how one's actions turn out (case of the bird taking the bullet)
 
  
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:*negligence might do some work here, but it's irrational that whether we are found negligent might also be subject to luck, even after the event!  (Digress on "felony murder" a strict liability standard for criminal conduct.)
+
::*Overconsumption of protein by Americans, p. 59  Men at 181% of DRI, Women at 152%.
  
−
:*decisions under uncertainty - outcomes of revolutions determine whether one is a hero or scoundrel. Problem: sometimes the outcome defines the moral action.
+
:*'''Recommendations'''
 +
::*10-35% of calories from diet
 +
::*.8g / Kg of body weight.
 +
::*To meet essential amino acids, choose a variety of protein sources over days, not within a single meal. Do a ("personal protein tally" on your typical diet.)
 +
::*If necessary, check your "protein diet" with a blood test once in a while. [Prealbumin test [https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-a-prealbumin-test]
  
−
:*Major thesis p. 5: The existence of moral luck undermines the idea that responsibility is dependent on control.  8: "the area of genuine agency ... shrinks .. to an extensionless point."
+
::*Reasons not to consume excess amounts of proteins:
 +
:::*Often associated with high fat dietary sources
 +
:::*Crowds out other food sources
 +
:::*Kidneys work harder to get rid of nitrogen.   
 +
:::*Further reading: [https://www.healthline.com/health/too-much-protein Risks of too much protein]
 +
::*Debates about protein quality and quantity for athletes. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3905294/]
  
 +
===Gordon Shepherd, ''Neurogastronomy'' C7 "Images of Smell"===
  
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===Frankfurt, Harry. "Alternative Possibilities and Moral Responsibility" (1969)===
+
:C7:  Images of Smell
  
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:*Principle of Alternative Possibilities (PAP): a person is MR for an act only if he could have done otherwise.  (Suggests that MR is incompatible with determinism.)
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:*The Olfactory Bulb: molecular and neural pathways at the bulb.  Glomerulus (glom) - convergence site of receptor cells.  Interneurons: often specialized processors.  Periglomeral cells, Mitral cells, tufted cells.  Granule cells.
  
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:*PAP is false.  "A person may do something in circumstances that leave him no alternative to doing it, without these circumstances actually moving him or leading him to do it."
+
:*How does olfactory bulb represent smell?  Story of discovery: 1930s Edgar Adrian, hedgehogs, noticed how patterns of excitation could create an “image” of the smell, using electrophysiology techniques.
 +
:*Sokoloff method for tracking energy used by the brain with a marker for glucose uptake.  Important work that led to PET and fMRI.  Follows his own research from 70s in using this method to track energy use in the olfactory bulb as it is exposed to odors.   
 +
:*Confirms idea of a “smell image” or pattern of activation in the glomeruli. Started to fill in a “map” of the receptor sites on the bulb.  1990s. 
 +
:*Some “odor images” from the work of Michael Leon and Brett Johnson.  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4075437/]
 +
:*Final point: The olfactory pathways are heavily modulated - sensitive to behavioral state: appetite, aversion, openness to experience, all affect flavor perception.
  
−
:*Jones Coercion cases
 
  
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::*1.  Jones is threatened to do X, but Jones had already decided to do X. Jones is MR. (But this isn't a counterexample to PAP or the principle that "coercion excuses")
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===Personal Protein Tally===
  
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::*2.  Jones feels the threat, he may have already decided to do X, can't even remember, but he does X because of the threat.  Jones is not MR.   
+
:*We've used a "profile" metaphor to talk about carbs and fats (profiles of complexity in carbs and fat saturation for fats), but with proteins, it makes sense to "tally" or add up your intake, while watching for protein quality.   
  
−
::*3.  Jones feels the threat and it would have been powerful enough to coerce him, but he already decided to do X. MR pretty unclear in this case.
+
:*Calculate your protein goal in grams.  150 lbs. = 68kg x .8 = 54grams RDI /day
 +
:*Go through your diet and look at the amounts of good protein in your day.  '''How hard is it to meet your goal?'''
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! Food
 +
! Protein Value
 +
|-
 +
| '''Breakfast'''
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| Egg/toast/butter
 +
| 11
 +
|-
 +
| '''Midmorning'''
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| Muffin
 +
| 6
 +
|-
 +
| '''Lunch'''
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| Ceci/fruit/yogurt
 +
| 14
 +
|-
 +
| Appetizers - cheese/crackers
 +
| 11
 +
|-
 +
| '''Dinner Options'''
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| Lentils & Rice
 +
| 12
 +
|-
 +
| Lentil Soup
 +
| 15
 +
|-
 +
| Black Beans & Rice
 +
| 23
 +
|-
 +
| Tuscan Bean Soup
 +
| 10
 +
|-
 +
| Pasta (125g)
 +
| 18
 +
|-
 +
| Tuna
 +
| 19
 +
|-
 +
| Salmon (8oz)
 +
| 45
 +
|-
 +
| Tofu (1/2 cup)
 +
| 10
  
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:*Jones3 does not necessarily challenge the principle that "coercion excuses" because it's not clear that he was coerced.  But whether we say he was coerced or not, the doctrine that coercion excuses is not a particularized version of PAP (In other words, when we excuse a person who is coerced we are not doing it because he/she "couldn't have done otherwise"(PAP). So MR is compatible with determinism.
+
|}
−
 
 
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:*Section IV - Goes further to show that PAP is false. 
 
−
 
 
−
:*You might object that that Jones3 does not pose a threat to PAP because strictly speaking, coercion doesn't exclude the alternative poss of acting in spite of the threat. 
 
−
:*We could get into a discussion of what "could have done otherwise" really means, but Frankfurt thinks he has a new case that will show PAP is false.
 
−
 
 
−
:*Jones4: Black wants Jones to do X, but he's a subtle manipulator.  Only acts to steer Jones if he's not on course to do X.  If Jones does X without Black intervening, he is MR even though "he couldn't have done otherwise."  PAP plays no role in the explanation of his behavior.
 
−
 
 
−
:*Revised PAP: A person is not morally responsible for what he has done if he did it ''only because'' he could not have done otherwise.  Revised PAP makes sense of Jones1-3.
 

Latest revision as of 19:09, 10 February 2025

7. FEB 10

Assigned Work

  • Nix, Stacy. Chapter 4: "Proteins" Williams' Basic Nutrition and Diet Therapy (pp. 47-63).
  • Shepard, Gordon, C7 "Images of Smell: An "Aha" Moment" (66-76; 10)
  • Fill out Proteins Worksheet (Points)

In-class

  • Energy density v. Nutrient density.

Nix, "Proteins"

  • Nature of
  • 20 amino acids, 9 essential; proteins are polypeptides -- chains of amino acids 100s of links long. Proteins exist in specific forms in foods (ex. casein is milk protein) and are broken down by us into amino acids and resembled as protein in metabolism.
  • Classes of amino acids: indispensable (9), dispensable (5), and conditionally indispensable (6).
  • Conditionally dispensable: Example: If low on Mthionine(essential), then you need cysteine (cond. indis.) from diet.
  • About 16% nitrogen; protein is a primary source of nitrogen in diet.
  • Catabolism and Anabolism: Metabolic process of breaking down tissue and building it up.
  • Nitrogen Balance is shown when excretion of urinary nitrogen occurs as by product of protein metabolism (ratio of 1 g of urinary nitrogen to 6.25 g of protein). Negative nitrogen balance can be a symptom of protein deficiency. Kwashiorkor.
  • Tissue proteins, plasma proteins, and dietary protein. You dietary protein is contributing to a much larger and complex protein manufacture and delivery service.
  • Functions of Protein Metabolism
  • Tissue growth/repair: largest component of tissue by dry weight. 75% of dry body weight.
  • Water and pH balance; plasma proteins can exert osmotic pressure to help circulation of tissue fluids (I think this is the "interstitium", but I'm not completely sure).[1]
  • Proteins can take up acids to contribute to blood Ph management.
  • Metabolism, transport, immune system, energy system. Wide range of functions here. We have already met "lipproteins" that help carry fats around. Here you learn that enzymes, transport agents, and hormones also have protein structures.
  • Proteins also help make white blood cells, so support your immune system.
  • Food Sources
  • Complete proteins mostly from animal sources, including dairy, cheese. (Digress on the "complete protein controversy. [2]
  • Soy is the only complete plant protein.
  • Completing proteins, or, more current “protein scores”: p. 52. also compare links ceci beans [[3]], lentils [4], peanut butter [[5]]. Sirloin steak [6].
  • Advice on vegetarian diets - Mix grains and legumes, eat soy based foods like tofu if possible. Note reference to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics document (in your links collection)
  • Old Advice for plant proteins: Balance for "complete proteins". New Advice: Choose a variety of plant proteins over days. Consider "protein score", which is typically a combination of a PDCAAS (Protein digestivility Correted Amino Acid Score) [7] and an Amino acid score [8]
  • Note health benefits of vegetarian diet on p. 54.
  • Digestion of Proteins
  • Occurs in stomach and small intestines - unlike Carbs and Fats, which are not digested in stomach.
  • Proteing enzymes have to be stored in inactive form (proenzymes or “precursors”) or they would break down body tisssue!
  • Overconsumption of protein by Americans, p. 59 Men at 181% of DRI, Women at 152%.
  • Recommendations
  • 10-35% of calories from diet
  • .8g / Kg of body weight.
  • To meet essential amino acids, choose a variety of protein sources over days, not within a single meal. Do a ("personal protein tally" on your typical diet.)
  • If necessary, check your "protein diet" with a blood test once in a while. [Prealbumin test [9]
  • Reasons not to consume excess amounts of proteins:
  • Often associated with high fat dietary sources
  • Crowds out other food sources
  • Kidneys work harder to get rid of nitrogen.
  • Further reading: Risks of too much protein
  • Debates about protein quality and quantity for athletes. [10]

Gordon Shepherd, Neurogastronomy C7 "Images of Smell"

C7: Images of Smell
  • The Olfactory Bulb: molecular and neural pathways at the bulb. Glomerulus (glom) - convergence site of receptor cells. Interneurons: often specialized processors. Periglomeral cells, Mitral cells, tufted cells. Granule cells.
  • How does olfactory bulb represent smell? Story of discovery: 1930s Edgar Adrian, hedgehogs, noticed how patterns of excitation could create an “image” of the smell, using electrophysiology techniques.
  • Sokoloff method for tracking energy used by the brain with a marker for glucose uptake. Important work that led to PET and fMRI. Follows his own research from 70s in using this method to track energy use in the olfactory bulb as it is exposed to odors.
  • Confirms idea of a “smell image” or pattern of activation in the glomeruli. Started to fill in a “map” of the receptor sites on the bulb. 1990s.
  • Some “odor images” from the work of Michael Leon and Brett Johnson. [11]
  • Final point: The olfactory pathways are heavily modulated - sensitive to behavioral state: appetite, aversion, openness to experience, all affect flavor perception.


Personal Protein Tally

  • We've used a "profile" metaphor to talk about carbs and fats (profiles of complexity in carbs and fat saturation for fats), but with proteins, it makes sense to "tally" or add up your intake, while watching for protein quality.
  • Calculate your protein goal in grams. 150 lbs. = 68kg x .8 = 54grams RDI /day
  • Go through your diet and look at the amounts of good protein in your day. How hard is it to meet your goal?
Food Protein Value
Breakfast
Egg/toast/butter 11
Midmorning
Muffin 6
Lunch
Ceci/fruit/yogurt 14
Appetizers - cheese/crackers 11
Dinner Options
Lentils & Rice 12
Lentil Soup 15
Black Beans & Rice 23
Tuscan Bean Soup 10
Pasta (125g) 18
Tuna 19
Salmon (8oz) 45
Tofu (1/2 cup) 10
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