Difference between revisions of "Temj"

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(Created page with "====Argyle, Causes and Correlates of Happiness==== :*Age :*Education :*Social Status :*Income :*Marriage :*Ethnicity :*Employment :*Leisure :*Religion :*Life Events Synopsis...")
 
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====Argyle, Causes and Correlates of Happiness====
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==DEC 2==
  
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:*Age
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===Food Philosophy===
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:*Education
 
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:*Social Status
 
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:*Income
 
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:*Marriage
 
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:*Ethnicity
 
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:*Employment
 
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:*Leisure
 
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:*Religion
 
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:*Life Events
 
  
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Synopsis by major factor:
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====Major Questions====
  
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:*Age
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:*What is Food? What is Food desire?
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::*The older are slightly happier, notably in postive affect. Some evidence that women become less happy with age. In assessing causality, we might need to acknowledge a cohort effect (older people are those who survive, hence not nec. representative of a sampling of all age groups).  Older people are less satisfied than others with their future prospects.
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:*What is Eating?
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::*Old people could have lower expectations, and hence their greater self-reported happiness might not be comparable to a younger person's self-reported happiness.
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:*How does Food Culture change us? How have we been changing Food Culture?
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::*Puzzle: objective conditions are worse for old people (health, depression and loneliness!), yet they are more satisfied. (Neural degeneration has got to be on the table as a hypothesis.)
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:*Why is Food Ideology so irrepressible? What drives it?
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:*Who are the baddies?  [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ToKcmnrE5oY]
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::*Justice issues
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::*Health issues
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::*Environmental issues
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::*Other Food ethics: consumer responsibility, vulnerable populations (kids and dietary disease prone)
  
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:*Education
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====Tannahill, Food in History, Chapter 4: First Civilizations====
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::*The educated are slightly happier.  Effect weak in US.  Data suggest the education effect is greater in poorer countries.  Control for income and job status effects and there is still a slight effect from education. [From personal achievement?] But income and job status account for most of the education effect.
 
  
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:*Social Status
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:*Pattern of Empire, Food, and Early Agriculture: soil degradation, conquest, food crisis, famine
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::*About twice the effect of education or age, but half of the effect is from job status.  Greater effect for stratified societies.  [Comment on being a professor in Italy, for example.]
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:*1st almanac: 2500bc
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:*grain cakes, leavening, bread and beer.  Note imp. of wheat threshing technology to making leavened bread.
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:*Pastoral nomads vs. Agriculturalists.  resurrection myths vs. dynamic warrior gods.   
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:*Meat, blood, and diet in the Bible and religion
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::*specific hypothesis: Bible originally enjoined vegetarianism (?)
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::*general hypothesis: Food and diet are tied to conceptions of purity.  original vs. current triggers
  
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:*Income
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====Gratzer, Terrors of the Table, Chapter 10, Fads====
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::*Average correlation of .17 across studies.  See chart on p. 356 -- curvilinear, with slight upward tail at highest incomes. (intriguing)
 
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::*Steep relation of income from poverty to material sufficiency.
 
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::*Diener found a stronger correlation when using multiple income measures (such and GNP, purcasing power indexes, etc.)
 
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::*Famous Myers and Diener 1996 study:  "In the United States, average personal income has risen from $4,000 in 1970 to $16,000 in 1990 (in 1990 dollars), but there has been no change in average happiness or satisfaction."  Some evidence that happiness is sensitive to economic downturns (Belgium), some evidence of variation in strength of effect across culture.
 
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::*Lottery winner studies may not be a good way to test income effects since you get lots of disruptions with winning the lottery.
 
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::*Cluster effect with income:  Income comes with host of other goods: p. 358.
 
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::*Michalo's "goal achievement gap model" p. 358: "whereby happiness is said to be due to the gap between aspirations and achievements and this gap is due to comparisons with both "average folks" and one's own past life (see figure 18.3).
 
  
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::Other Resources:
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:*more on biblical vegetarianism: 17th century theorists, Tolstoy, Shelley, 7th Day Adventists
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:::*Kahneman and Deaton, "High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being"
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:*Graham, (Caleb Jackson's "Granula")  Kellogg and the invention of modern cereals
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:::*Graham, et. al, "The Easterlin Paradox and Other Paradoxes: Why both sides of the Debate May be Correct"
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:*Johanna Brandt's grape cure, fasting, veg, raw food, museli, uric acid, Salisbury steaks (3 lbs a day with warm water!), yogurt, Fletcher, vitamins, laetrile
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:*Note: pace of fads seem to increase with discovery of vitamins.  Note: celebrated scientists not immune.
  
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:*Marriage
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====Moss, Salt, Sugar, and Fat====
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::*Average effect from meta-analysis of .14.  Stronger effects for young. Does more for women than men, though stronger effect on male health.
 
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::*Causal model: Married people have higher social well being indicators (mental and physical health).  These indicators are independent factors for happiness.  Marriage is a source of emotional and material support.  Married people just take better care of themselves. Men might benefit from emotional support more since women provide that to male spouses more than males?  (differently?)
 
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::*Effects of marriage has a life-stage dimension to them. (figure 18.4)  Having children has a small effect.
 
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::*Reverse causation is a consideration, but hard to support since 90% of people get married.
 
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::*Good example in this section of distinguishing between correlational data and causal discussion.
 
  
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:*Ethnicity
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:*Focuses on story of the "cereal wars" -- 1st sig. late 20th effort to take on industrial food industry. 
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::*Widely confirmed studies show that average happiness for US African Americans is lower than for US whites.
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:*Reprise of cereal invention (note dyspepsia was the problem to cure, but was itself a dietary condition)
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::*Mostly accounted for by income, education, and job status.
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:*Growth of industry: 1970 to 1980s: 660 million to 4.4 billion.
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::*Interestingly, African American children enjoy higher self-esteem than white kids.
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:*Dentist (Ira Shannon) blows the whistle, nutritionists agree: is it cereal or a confection?  Is
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:*Politics of the Cereal Wars: Gov't regulation, social engineering, addiction, marketing to kids.
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:*Business strategies: direct marketing to kids, relabeling, changing appeal (sugar as brain food), p. 85: consumption capitalism (read)
  
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:*Employment
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====Pollan, In Defense of Food====
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::*Studies of unemployed and retired help isolate effects.
 
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::*Unemployed sig less happy: "The unemployed in nearly all countries are much less happy than those at work. Inglehart (1990) found that 61 percent of the unemployed were satisfied, compared with 78 percent of manual workers."
 
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::*Causal model: income and self-esteem account for most of effect.
 
  
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:*Leisure
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:*Eat Food. Not too much. Mostly plants
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::*Relatively strong correlation: .2 in meta-studies.
 
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::*Leisure effects observed in lots of contexts (social relations from work, adolescent leisure habits, even a short walk.  Sport and exercise include both social effects and release of endorphins.
 
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::*Flow is a factor.  Comparisons of high engagement and high apathy (tv) leisure activities.
 
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::*TV watching as a leisure activity.  Soap opera watchers!
 
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::*Volunteer and charity work were found to generate high levels of joy, exceeded only by dancing!
 
  
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:*Religion
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:*A lot of what is in the grocery store isn't really food (evaluate in discussion)
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::*The strength of religion on happiness is positive, sensitive to church attendance, strength of commitment, related to meaningfulness and sense of purpose (an independent variable).  Overall modest effect, but stronger for those more involved in their church.  note demographic factors.  
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:*Changes in Food Culture:
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::*Reverse causation: Are happier people more likely to be religious?
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::*displacement of traditional authorities with gov't, science, and industry advice.  "Nutritional Industrial Complex"
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::*Causal model: Religion works through social support, increasing esteem and meaningfulness.
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::*upper middle class food culture: gourmet recipes and variety
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::*Kirpatrick 1992 study: self-reported relationship with God has similar effects as other relationships.
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::*when, where, and how of eating has changed.
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:* Pollan's claim: Food is also about community, spirituality, our relationship to nature.
 +
:* Story of the McGovern Commission: start of politics of nutritionism.  "No bad foods" and "No Bad Diets" become politically necessary beliefs.
 +
:*Nutritionism: the reductive and uncritical use of nutritional science to support an ideological and unhealthy view of the nature of food and the way to make food choices.
 +
:*Nutritionism leads to a food politics in which food producers can manipulate our consumption choices by engineering food which is fundamentally unhealthy but which appears as a relatively healthy choice. 
 +
:*Food fads are fueled in part by nutritionism: cholesterol, fortified unhealthy foods, lipid hypothesis.
  
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:*Life events and activities (especially on affect)
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====Possible Paper Prompt====
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::*"' A study in five Eu European countries found that the main causes of joy were said to be relationships with friends, the basic pleasures of food, drink, and sex, and success experiences (Scherer etal. 1986)."..."Frequency of sexual intercourse also correlates with happiness, as does satisfaction with sex life, being in love, and frequency of interaction with spouse, but having liberal sexual attitudes has a negative relationship." "...alcohol, in modest doses, has the greatest effects on positive mood."
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Evaluate the critique of the modern American food system implicit in the video and reading for today's class. Is there a problem with our food system?  If so, what are the main sources of the problem and what should be done about it.  If not, where do you find a basis for skepticism or criticism of the critics?

Latest revision as of 00:47, 3 December 2014

DEC 2

Food Philosophy

Major Questions

  • What is Food? What is Food desire?
  • What is Eating?
  • How does Food Culture change us? How have we been changing Food Culture?
  • Why is Food Ideology so irrepressible? What drives it?
  • Who are the baddies? [1]
  • Justice issues
  • Health issues
  • Environmental issues
  • Other Food ethics: consumer responsibility, vulnerable populations (kids and dietary disease prone)

Tannahill, Food in History, Chapter 4: First Civilizations

  • Pattern of Empire, Food, and Early Agriculture: soil degradation, conquest, food crisis, famine
  • 1st almanac: 2500bc
  • grain cakes, leavening, bread and beer. Note imp. of wheat threshing technology to making leavened bread.
  • Pastoral nomads vs. Agriculturalists. resurrection myths vs. dynamic warrior gods.
  • Meat, blood, and diet in the Bible and religion
  • specific hypothesis: Bible originally enjoined vegetarianism (?)
  • general hypothesis: Food and diet are tied to conceptions of purity. original vs. current triggers

Gratzer, Terrors of the Table, Chapter 10, Fads

  • more on biblical vegetarianism: 17th century theorists, Tolstoy, Shelley, 7th Day Adventists
  • Graham, (Caleb Jackson's "Granula") Kellogg and the invention of modern cereals
  • Johanna Brandt's grape cure, fasting, veg, raw food, museli, uric acid, Salisbury steaks (3 lbs a day with warm water!), yogurt, Fletcher, vitamins, laetrile
  • Note: pace of fads seem to increase with discovery of vitamins. Note: celebrated scientists not immune.

Moss, Salt, Sugar, and Fat

  • Focuses on story of the "cereal wars" -- 1st sig. late 20th effort to take on industrial food industry.
  • Reprise of cereal invention (note dyspepsia was the problem to cure, but was itself a dietary condition)
  • Growth of industry: 1970 to 1980s: 660 million to 4.4 billion.
  • Dentist (Ira Shannon) blows the whistle, nutritionists agree: is it cereal or a confection? Is
  • Politics of the Cereal Wars: Gov't regulation, social engineering, addiction, marketing to kids.
  • Business strategies: direct marketing to kids, relabeling, changing appeal (sugar as brain food), p. 85: consumption capitalism (read)

Pollan, In Defense of Food

  • Eat Food. Not too much. Mostly plants
  • A lot of what is in the grocery store isn't really food (evaluate in discussion)
  • Changes in Food Culture:
  • displacement of traditional authorities with gov't, science, and industry advice. "Nutritional Industrial Complex"
  • upper middle class food culture: gourmet recipes and variety
  • when, where, and how of eating has changed.
  • Pollan's claim: Food is also about community, spirituality, our relationship to nature.
  • Story of the McGovern Commission: start of politics of nutritionism. "No bad foods" and "No Bad Diets" become politically necessary beliefs.
  • Nutritionism: the reductive and uncritical use of nutritional science to support an ideological and unhealthy view of the nature of food and the way to make food choices.
  • Nutritionism leads to a food politics in which food producers can manipulate our consumption choices by engineering food which is fundamentally unhealthy but which appears as a relatively healthy choice.
  • Food fads are fueled in part by nutritionism: cholesterol, fortified unhealthy foods, lipid hypothesis.

Possible Paper Prompt

Evaluate the critique of the modern American food system implicit in the video and reading for today's class. Is there a problem with our food system? If so, what are the main sources of the problem and what should be done about it. If not, where do you find a basis for skepticism or criticism of the critics?

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