Difference between revisions of "Tem"

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===Baltes & Smith, "Toward a Psychology of Wisdom and its Ontegenesis" 1990===
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==11: OCT 6==
  
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:*Motivations for the Berlin Paradigm's research: study of peak performance, positive aspects of aging, work on intelligence that reflects a concern with context and life pragmatics, Baltes & Smith p. 87
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===Assigned===
  
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:*Interesting discussion of problem of giving a scientific treatment of wisdom, p. 89.
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:*Haidt, Chapter 5, "Beyond WEIRD Morality" (17)
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:*Writing exercise: How WEIRD is Morality?
  
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:*Fundamental assumption #1: Wisdom is an "expert knowledge system" (what is an expert system - mention Affectiva)
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===Brief Survey on Student Engagement in Hybrid course delivery===
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:*Fundamental assumption:#2: A dual-process model of intelligence (Mechanics / Pragmatics) is most relevant to understanding wisdom.
 
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:*Fundamental assumption #3: Wisdom is about life pragmatics, understood as life planning, review 
 
  
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:*The '''"Baltes Five"''' Criteria Construct for Wisdom:  
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:*Please take the following anonymous [https://gonzaga.az1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_3I98g1ecsTe59ZP survey].
  
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::*Rich factual knowledge: accumulation of knowledge which facilitates predictive ability to see how relationships, causes, and meanings will interact in a situation. "a representation of the expected sequential flow of events in a particular situation"
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===Final Stage of Sapolsky Writing Assignment===
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::*Rich procedural knowledge: accumulation of knowledge which facilitates understanding of strategies of problem solving, advice seeking.
 
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::*Life span contextualism: understanding a problem in awareness of it's place in the life span.
 
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::*Relativism: Understanding and taking into account the range of values, goals, and priorities in human life.
 
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::*Uncertainty: awareness of limits of knowledge in general and in particular factual cases.
 
  
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===Small Group Exercise===
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:*'''Stage 4''': Back-evaluation: After you receive your peer comments and my evaluation, take a few minutes to fill out this quick "back evaluation" rating form: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdgKCYITDTSOOHcvC3TAVNK-EZDsP4jiiyPj-7jdpRoNUsLPA/viewform?usp=sf_link].  '''Fill out the form for each reviewer, but not Alfino.'''  Up to 10 points, in Points.
  
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:*For each of the five, identify 3 examples, a word or phrase to describe someone not good at that aspect, a critical question or two.
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::*Back evaluations are due '''Thursday, October 8, 11:59pm'''.
  
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===Baltes & Freund, "Wisdom as Meta-Heuristic and SOC" 2002===
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===Some samples from Henrich's, "The Weirdest People on Earth"===
  
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:*Sophia vs. Phronesis (one more time)
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:*p. 25: "Who Am I?" task.  Show charts
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:*p. 28: sociocentric vs. individualistic
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:*p. 34: guilt vs. shame
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:*p. 44: impersonal honesty research (recall Ariely). 
  
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:*Selection, Optimization, and Compensation is a collection of behavioral strategies for managing life pragmatics.
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===Haidt, Chapter 5, "Beyond WEIRD Morality"===
  
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:*Note definition of wisdom p. 251: strategies for peak or optimal functioning. but must be normative. Need to actually know something about what is really important in human flourishing to produce wisdom (this could be seen as a knowledge bias or a legitimate grounding of wisdom in knowledge). Baltes & Co. are siding with the traditions of philosophy and religion on this one.  Wisdom is normative.
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====WEIRD Morality====
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:*WEIRD morality is the morality of Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic cultures
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::*just as likely to be bothered by taboo violations, but more likely to set aside feelings of disgust and allow violations
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::*only group with majority allowing chicken story violation.
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::*"the weirder you are the more likely you are to see the world in terms of separate objects, rather than relationships" "sociocentric" moralities vs. individualistic moralities; Enlightenment moralities of Kant and Mill are rationalist, individualist, and universalist. 
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::*survey data on East/West differences in sentence completion: "I am..."
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::*framed-line task 97
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:*Kantian and Millian ethical thought is rationalist, rule based, and universalist.  Just the ethical theory you would expect from the culture.
  
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:*Good review of Baltes (Berlin) Paradigm:  note detail on "recognition and management of uncertainty" p. 253.
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====A 3 channel moral matrix====
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:*Schweder's anthropology: ethics of autonomy, community, divinity 99-100 - gloss each...
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::*claims Schweder's theory predicts responses on taboo violation tests, is descriptively accurate.
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::*ethic of divinity: body as temple vs. playground
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::*vertical dimension to values. explains reactions to flag desecration, piss Christ, thought exp: desecration of liberal icons. (Note connection to contemporary conflicts, such as the Charlie Hebdot massacre.)
  
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:*Wisdom as Meta-heuristic.  Definition p. 255. "a heuristic can be defined as a "useful shortcut, an approximation, or a rule of thumb for guiding search" "If wisdom as a meta-heuristic operates effectively, the expectation is that its use creates the cognitive and motivational foundation from which well-being can be achieved. In this sense, wisdom can be seen as the embodiment of the best subjective belief about laws of life that a culture has to offer and that individuals under favorable conditions are able to acquire."
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====Making Sense of Moral/Cultural Difference====
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:*'''Haidt's Bhubaneswar experience''': diverse (intense) continua of moral values related to purity. (opposite of disgust). Confusing at first, but notice that he started to like his hosts (elephant) and then started to think about how their values might work.  Stop and think about how a mind might create this.   Detail about airline passenger.
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:*Theorizing with Paul Rozin on the right model for thinking about moral foundations: "Our theory, in brief" (103)
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:*American politics often about sense of "sacrilege", not just about defining rights (autonomy).  Not just harm, but types of moral disgust.
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:*'''Stepping out of the Matrix''':  H's metaphor for seeing his own cultural moral values as more "contingent" than before, when it felt like the natural advocacy of what seem true and right. Reports growing self awareness of liberal orientation of intellectual culture in relation to Shweder's view.  Social conservatives made more sense to him after studying in India.  
  
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'''Quick exercise:'''  identify contemporary meta-heuristics in your experience
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===Small Group Discussion===
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:*Discussion questions:
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:*SOC -- a heuristic for delineating, pursuing, and reviewing goals.  (It's a heuristic for life management, so relevant to the Baltes paradigm)
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::*Does it make sense to talk about "stepping out of a matrix"? Is this a temporary thing?  What value might it have in your experience?
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::*Selection -- of goals    -- can be either elective selection or loss selection.  Deliberate, articulate...  approach vs. avoidance goals. loss also from zero sum aspect of goals as when an athlete becomes a scholar.
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::*Do you have a parallel story to Haidt's? (Mention travel experiences.)
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::*Optimization -- of means.  "Acquire and invest"  - sub-skills like "monitoring between actual and desired state"  - ability to delay gratification '''(Mischel)'''
 
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::*Compensation -- response to loss of means. Response to events.
 
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:*Proverbs as heuristics -- study found that SOC strategies were selected more often and faster than non-SOC strategies.
 
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:*Study showing SOC associated with "positive functioning"  (NOTE:  This relates to the "hard problem" of wisdom.  Figuring out whether wisdom really "works".)
 
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:*Rubenstein quote at 265.  Brim's "My Father's Window Box"
 
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===Kunzman and Baltes, "The Psychology of Wisdom: Theoretical and Practical Challenges"===
 
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:*Challenges:  
 
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::# defining wisdom in a way that separates it from other human excellences.
 
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::# formulating a definition of wisdom that can be empirically investigated.
 
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:*Distinction between implicit and explicit (112).
 
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:*Three types of wisdom constructs:
 
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::# wisdom as aspect of personality development in later life (Erikson) - characterized by detachment from self-interest (note: not the only option)
 
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::# post-formal thinking (gisela); "Dialectical thinking derives from the insight that knowledge about self & others, and the world evolves in an everlasting process of theses, antitheses, and syntheses. From this perspective, wisdom has been described as the integration of different modes of knowing" 115
 
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::# form of intelligence and expertise (Baltes)
 
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::*Note: We'll add at least a fourth to this when we look at culture and wisdom later in the term.
 
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:*clearer explanation (than Baltes and Smith) of "cognitive mechanics" vs. "cognitive pragmatics" (116)
 
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:*"Big Picture" Review Model on p. 120. Note how it points to further topics that we will discuss in the semester. Note on 122: at young ages, we over identify high IQ individuals as wise. (Parallel to misperception of old as wise.)
 
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:*'''Discussion Topic''': Must wisdom be oriented toward the individual and common good? sketch arguments together briefly.
 
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:*Empirical Results from "Think Aloud" research:
 
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::# High scores rare.
 
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::#  Late adolescence and early adulthood is primary age window for onset of wisdom. Age doesn't predict score increases after that.
 
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::#  Development of wisdom beyond it's early onset depends upon "expertise-enhancing" factors, such as development of social/cognitive style, presence of role models, and motivational preferences such as an interest in understanding others.  Personality not predicted as a factor (note contrast to happiness research).
 
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===Misc===
 
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(Some notes on Ontogenesis of wisdom from these three readings.)
 
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::*Note how you can explain the  "age of onset" of wisdom as optimization of cognitive mechanics and pragmatics (suggests it can't be too old and that oldsters who maintain good mechanics (rare) might be outliers (high in wisdom)). 
 
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::*from Kunzman and Baltes: "... the period of late adolescence and early adulthood is the primary age window for a first foundation of wisdom-related knowledge to emerge." p. 122 for details.
 
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::*from Baltes and Smith, p.110. research on old/young, normative/nonnormative, target age of problem. Suggests that older are not the optimal performance group when considering the different conditions the research looked at.
 
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::*from later reading -- Baltes & Freund, "... we know that the body of knowledge and cognitive skills associated with wisdom has its largest rate of change gradient in late adolescence and young adulthood (Pasupathi & Bakes,2000; Staudinger, 1999a). St). Subsequent age changes are a result of specific circumstances of life and nonintellectual attributes. For instance, the development of wisdom-related knowledge during adulthood is more conditioned by personality, cognitive style, and life experience than by psychometric intelligence (Staudinger, Maciel, Smith, & Bakes, 1998). "
 

Latest revision as of 19:51, 6 October 2020

11: OCT 6

Assigned

  • Haidt, Chapter 5, "Beyond WEIRD Morality" (17)
  • Writing exercise: How WEIRD is Morality?

Brief Survey on Student Engagement in Hybrid course delivery

  • Please take the following anonymous survey.

Final Stage of Sapolsky Writing Assignment

  • Stage 4: Back-evaluation: After you receive your peer comments and my evaluation, take a few minutes to fill out this quick "back evaluation" rating form: [1]. Fill out the form for each reviewer, but not Alfino. Up to 10 points, in Points.
  • Back evaluations are due Thursday, October 8, 11:59pm.

Some samples from Henrich's, "The Weirdest People on Earth"

  • p. 25: "Who Am I?" task. Show charts
  • p. 28: sociocentric vs. individualistic
  • p. 34: guilt vs. shame
  • p. 44: impersonal honesty research (recall Ariely).

Haidt, Chapter 5, "Beyond WEIRD Morality"

WEIRD Morality

  • WEIRD morality is the morality of Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic cultures
  • just as likely to be bothered by taboo violations, but more likely to set aside feelings of disgust and allow violations
  • only group with majority allowing chicken story violation.
  • "the weirder you are the more likely you are to see the world in terms of separate objects, rather than relationships" "sociocentric" moralities vs. individualistic moralities; Enlightenment moralities of Kant and Mill are rationalist, individualist, and universalist.
  • survey data on East/West differences in sentence completion: "I am..."
  • framed-line task 97
  • Kantian and Millian ethical thought is rationalist, rule based, and universalist. Just the ethical theory you would expect from the culture.

A 3 channel moral matrix

  • Schweder's anthropology: ethics of autonomy, community, divinity 99-100 - gloss each...
  • claims Schweder's theory predicts responses on taboo violation tests, is descriptively accurate.
  • ethic of divinity: body as temple vs. playground
  • vertical dimension to values. explains reactions to flag desecration, piss Christ, thought exp: desecration of liberal icons. (Note connection to contemporary conflicts, such as the Charlie Hebdot massacre.)

Making Sense of Moral/Cultural Difference

  • Haidt's Bhubaneswar experience: diverse (intense) continua of moral values related to purity. (opposite of disgust). Confusing at first, but notice that he started to like his hosts (elephant) and then started to think about how their values might work. Stop and think about how a mind might create this. Detail about airline passenger.
  • Theorizing with Paul Rozin on the right model for thinking about moral foundations: "Our theory, in brief" (103)
  • American politics often about sense of "sacrilege", not just about defining rights (autonomy). Not just harm, but types of moral disgust.
  • Stepping out of the Matrix: H's metaphor for seeing his own cultural moral values as more "contingent" than before, when it felt like the natural advocacy of what seem true and right. Reports growing self awareness of liberal orientation of intellectual culture in relation to Shweder's view. Social conservatives made more sense to him after studying in India.

Small Group Discussion

  • Discussion questions:
  • Does it make sense to talk about "stepping out of a matrix"? Is this a temporary thing? What value might it have in your experience?
  • Do you have a parallel story to Haidt's? (Mention travel experiences.)
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