Difference between revisions of "FEB 15"

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(Created page with "==11: FEB 15(Heavy reading day)== ===Assigned=== :*Haidt, Chapter 5, "Beyond WEIRD Morality" (17) :*Henrich, Joe. Prelude and Chapter 1, "WEIRD Psychology" from ''The WEIRDE...")
 
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==11: FEB 15(Heavy reading day)==
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==9. FEB 15==
  
−
===Assigned===
+
===Assigned Work===
  
−
:*Haidt, Chapter 5, "Beyond WEIRD Morality" (17)
+
:*Moss, C8, "Liquid Gold"
−
:*Henrich, Joe. Prelude and Chapter 1, "WEIRD Psychology" from ''The WEIRDEST People in the World'' (1-37)
+
:*Pollan, ''In Defense of Food,'' C1 "From Foods to Nutrients" (19-27) (8)
 +
:*If you have not seen "Food, Inc." please watch it '''during this unit''' (video file in Shared folder).  Also these two long form opinion videos from the New York Times update segments of the video.  Please watch them '''during this unit'''.
 +
::*"Meet the People Getting Paid to Kill Our Planet," Semple, Westbrook, and Kessel, NYT. [https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/01/opinion/climate-sustainability-agriculture-lobby.html]
 +
::*"See the True Cost of Your Cheap Chicken," King, Westbrook, Kessel, NYT. [https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/10/opinion/factory-farming-chicken.html]
  
−
===In-class Topics===
+
===In-Class===
  
−
:*Method Point: Layers of Explanation
+
:*Debrief on SW1. Next steps
−
:*Release of SW1 Scores and Comments
 
  
−
===SW1 - Evolution of Morality===
+
===Pollan, Michael. Part 1: From Food to Nutrients (19-27)===
  
−
:*SW1 results are coming to you this evening. A couple of specific points:
+
:*'''Nutritionism in the history of nutrition science.
−
::*The general level of writing was good.  You should not impose a grade distribution on the numbers.  They mostly reflect an assessment relative to the rubric.  13/14s are great, 12 is pretty good, 11 ok, 8s, 9s, and 10s - great opportunity for improvement.  ''Seriously, it would not be difficult to move those up.'' This is not a curve.
+
'''
−
::*No grades were determined by these results.  They are probably accurate to +/-1 point.
+
::*claims that in the 80s we started describing food in terms of nutrients.   
−
::*This is not really the end of the assignment, but the beginning of a great opportunity to work on your writing. You can start that process by looking at the scores and reading several peers' essays.  Consider visiting the office (zoom or in person) to discuss your writing. 
 
  
−
:*We are ready to start Back Evaluations.  This gives you an opportunity to reward peer commentators who did a particularly good job with their comments.  Please focus on comments, not scores.  '''You must complete back evaluations to receive credit for the assignment.'''
+
::* credits William Prout with discovery of centrality of protein, fat, and carbs.  Liebig credited also.  Also discovers role of nitrogen phosphorus, and potassium in growing plants.  Claims to have solved problem of nutrition. [There was a big question among chemists about what it is in food that keeps us alive.  Recall this is mid-19th. Chemistry came late to the scientific revolution in the 17th and 18th centuries.]
−
::*'''Stage 4''': Back-evaluation: After you receive your peer comments and my evaluation, take a few minutes to fill out this quick "back evaluation" rating form: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdgKCYITDTSOOHcvC3TAVNK-EZDsP4jiiyPj-7jdpRoNUsLPA/viewform?usp=sf_link]. '''Fill out the form for each reviewer, but not Alfino.'''  '''You must do the back evaluation to receive credit for the whole assignment.'''  Failing to give back-evaluations unfairly affects other classmates.
 
  
−
::*Back evaluations are due '''Thursday, February 17th, 2022, 11:59pm'''.
+
::*”Extractum Carnis” — big business for Liebig.  early example of meat protein ideology.  Didn’t work as baby formula.  
  
−
===Point on Method in the Course: "Layers of Explanation" or "Frames"===
+
::*Alludes to the discovery of the causes of “scurvy” on ships.  Reluctance of outfitters to give sailors fresh citrus. 
  
−
:*Consider the "disciplinary" layers we have introduced in our study of ethics:
+
::*discovery of vitamins 1912. Casimir Funk.  Note the “vitalism” in the name.
 +
:::*addressed scurvy and “berberi” B1 (Thiamine) deficiency. 
 +
:::*[Digression on Thiamine.  Part of a coenzyme that facilitates the energy production cycle ATP in cells.  “I can’t, I can’t”. Related to the onset of machines for producing polished rice.]
  
−
:*1. '''The Biological''' - affects individuals directly, but also groups through neo-group selection.
+
:*First modern conflict between US dietary advice and US food industry.  
−
:*2. '''The Psychological''' - differences and Structures in our individual psychology for expression moral behaviors. Intuitions vs. Reasoning. Personal life experiences.
+
::*22: 1977 McGovern Committee:  first Diet Goals for the US.   
−
:*3. '''The Political''' - How our psychology makes us groupish. Physio-politics.
 
−
:*4. '''The Cultural''' - Differences between cultures, including, for example the remarkable emergence of WEIRD culture.  (Joe Henrich, The Weirdest People on Earth) literacy and the brain, Christianity as a driver of culture, catholic church as driver of cultural ideas (the Marriage and Family Plan, impersonal honesty and sociality, etc.)
 
  
−
:*'''Big question from today: How does the cultural frame explain and complicate ethics?'''
+
::*Lipid hypothesis: claim that high levels of heart disease in the US were result of dietary fat consumption, especially from meat and dairy. Not great evidence base at this time. 
  
−
===Haidt, Chapter 5, "Beyond WEIRD Morality"===
+
:*Committee rec. reducing fat intake.  Backlash.  To avoid targeting a particular food industry, the committee started to use broader catergories of foods and nutritional markers to identify dietary goals.  McGovern loses reelection, with help from beef lobby.
 +
::*Instead of “eat less meat and dairy” - “choose meat, dairy, and fish with less saturated fat.” 
 +
::*Nutritionism as an ideology: Foods seen as delivery systems for nutrients.  Some scientists like T. Colin Campbell objected, claiming that food and diet is still a legit level to see relationships.  '''Heart disease might not only be about fat intake, but also lack of plant based foods.''' [Mention ''The China Study'' — some big criticisms, but later research on fats in context of plant based diet aligns with Campbell’s research.]
  
−
:*'''Introduction'''
+
:*Even when plants were understood as beneficial, they were described in terms of anti-oxidants, vitamin C, and carotenes.  
−
::*WEIRD morality is the morality of Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic cultures.  Noticed that people only a few miles off campus had very different responses to the harmless taboo scenarios.  University students (who are WEIRD) were just as likely to be bothered by taboo violations, but more likely to set aside feelings of disgust and allow violations.  They were the only group with majority allowing chicken story violation.
 
−
::*"The weirder you are the more likely you are to see the world in terms of separate objects, rather than relationships" (Analytic vs. Holistic in Henrich C1)
 
−
::*"sociocentric" moralities vs. individualistic moralities;
 
−
::*The Enlightenment moralities of Kant (Duty) and Mill (Utilitarian) are rationalist, individualist, and universalist. 
 
−
::*Survey data on East/West differences in sentence completion: "I am..." (also in Henrich C1)
 
−
::*Framed-line task 97
 
−
::*Kantian and Millian ethical thought is rationalist, rule based, and universalist.  Just the ethical theory you would expect from the culture.  (Hmm. So now we discover that some of our "tools" are culturally specific. Is this a problem?)
 
  
−
:*'''Three Ethics are more descriptive than one'''
+
:*Nutritionism - the assumption that the right level to think about food nutrition is the biochemical level. [Not so much wrong as limited. There are wholistic effects from diets that involve complexity best captured by “diet” and “food types” (e.g. colors of vegetables predict benefits).]
−
::*A 3 channel moral matrix - or, How should we theorize (locate) our view in the larger world of human moralities?
 
−
::*Schweder's cultural anthropology: ethics of autonomy, community, divinity 99-100 - gloss each...
 
−
::*Claims Schweder's theory predicts responses on taboo violation tests, is descriptively accurate.
 
−
::*Ethic of divinity: body as temple vs. playground. (Note: not religiosity or even spirituality, but often is.).  
 
−
::*There is a vertical dimension to values.  Explains reactions to flag desecration, piss Christ, thought exp: desecration of liberal icons.  (Note connection to contemporary conflicts, such as the Charlie Hebdot massacre.)
 
  
−
:*'''How I became a pluralist'''
+
===More Fat Facts===
−
::*'''Haidt's Bhubaneswar experience''': diverse (intense) continua of moral values related to purity. (opposite of disgust). Confusing at first, but notice that he started to like his hosts (elephant) and then started to think about how their values might work.  Stop and think about how a mind might create this.  Detail about airline passenger.
 
−
::*Theorizing with Paul Rozin on the right model for thinking about moral foundations: "Our theory, in brief" (103) - most societies see a vertical dimension in social space.  man who robs a bank vs. child sex traffickers
 
−
::*American politics often about sense of "sacrilege", not just about defining rights (autonomy).  Not just harm, but types of moral disgust. 
 
  
−
:*'''Stepping out of the Matrix'''
+
:*Our treatment of the dangers of saturated fat is standard nutrition science, but a more sophisticated understanding of fat has emerged.  Here’s the update:
−
::*H's metaphor for seeing his own cultural moral values as more "contingent" than before, when it felt like the natural advocacy of what seem true and right.  Reports growing self awareness of liberal orientation of intellectual culture in relation to Schweder's view.  '''Social conservatives made more sense to him after studying in India.''' [Note: This raises the possibility of a difference between “cultural conservatism (socio-centrism)” and “political conservatism”.]
 
  
−
===Small Group Discussion===
+
:*1970s: We thought saturated fat was a sufficient cause of heart disease.  American Heart Association cashed in on lipidphobia and still does.  Food companies pay a lot for their seal of approval. 
  
−
:* Haidt introduces the “Cultural Frame” with the move metaphor of “The Matrix”.  Cultures include family and kin, cultures of origin, and national cultures.
+
:*Later studies (Lancet 2017) looked at 135,000 people in 18 countries and found no correlation between fats, fat intake and risk of cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular disease mortality.  Shocking!  [https://www.thelancet.com/article/S0140-6736(17)32252-3/fulltext Lancet study].  High carb, high fat diets do have risks.
−
:*'''Questions:'''Does it make sense to talk about "stepping out of a matrix"?  Perhaps you have had this experience within US culture as you moved from family culture or the culture of your hometown to college.  Or from international travel. Do you have a parallel story to Haidt's? Share with each other some details of the “cultural frames” you inhabit.
 
  
−
===Henrich, "WEIRD Psychology," from The Weirdest People on Earth"===
+
:*More recent studies support Campbell’s hypothesis that plant based diets have a protective effect against some fat consumption. 
  
−
:*'''Prelude: Your Brain has been modified by culture'''
+
:*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6893503/ Plant-Based Diets in the Reduction of Body Fat: Physiological Effects and Biochemical Insights].  More popular source: [https://www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2021-06-09/plant-based-or-low-fat-diet-which-is-better-for-your-heart 'Plant-Based' or Low-Fat Diet: Which Is Better for Your Heart?]
  
−
::*Example of how reading alters brains.  "Literacy thus provides an example of how culture can change people biologically independent of any genetic differences."
+
===Moss, Ch. 8, "Liquid Gold"===
−
::*The ‘letterbox’ in your brain
 
−
::*Literacy in Western Europe - a “cultural package” that includes abilities, but also attitudes toward education, technologies of literacy like printing. 
 
−
::*Note how a “culture of literacy” can cut across other cultures.  Right hemisphere bias in facial recognition common to university students across cultures.
 
−
::*1517: Protestantism requires literacy.  "sola scriptura"
 
−
::*Showing causal relationship with "quasi-experimental" method  "For every 100 km traveled from Wittenberg, percentage of Protestants dropped 10%. Like a "dosage".  Also drove female literacy and public education. 
 
−
::*Also seen in literacy rates of Catholic and Prot missionaries to Africa: Protestant missions produce more literacy. 
 
−
::*Point of his book, “The WEIRDEST People in the World,”: WEIRD psychology is the result of a set of cultural adaptations promoted by the Catholic church.
 
−
::*The movement of “sola scriptura” led to an explosion of literacy, which had numerous cultural effects, but the bigger story of how we became WEIRD starts with the Catholic Churches’ “Marriage and Family Plan” (Chapter 1).
 
  
−
:*'''Chapter 1: WEIRD Psychology'''
+
:*Wallace and Grommet on cheese: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7rzSslub6U]
  
−
::*WEIRD: individualistic, self-obsessed, control-oriented, nonconformist, and analytical.  Tends to look for universal categories, analytic.  patient, takes plesure in hard work, sticks to imparial rules or principles, guilt vs. shame
+
:*Stories told in this chapter: Dean Southworth and Cheese Whiz; James Lewis Kraft, cheese entrepreneur!; story of cheese in the US food economy; Kraft marketing of Philadelphia cream cheese and Paula Dean story; closing research on visible/invisible fats.  There is no upper bliss point for fat!
  
−
::*Major Claim: WEIRD psychology is a product of 600-1000 years of the Catholic Church's modification of our psychology through its "Marriage and Family Plan". 
+
:*'''Cheez Whiz'''
  
−
:*'''Really, who are you?'''
+
::*Cheez Whiz;  altered from original, but never a gourmet experience.  Pretty much no cheese in it now.
−
::*"Who Am I? task by culture
+
:::*2 Tbs have 1/3 maximum saturated fat and 1/3 of max sodium allowance.
−
::*Mapping the Individualism Complex vs. Kin-based institutions
+
:::*Am cheese consumption:  33pounds/year; 50 gallons of soda. [https://www.statista.com/statistics/183785/per-capita-consumption-of-cheese-in-the-us-since-2000/ Now 40 pounds, but good news, it’s hitting a plateau!]
−
:::*Might be ''obligated'' to avenge a murder,  
+
:::*traditional consumption of cheese (mention Cesare & Ornella)
−
:::*''Prohibited'' from marrying a stranger / ''privileged'' to marry mother’s brother’s daughters.
 
−
:::*''Responsible'' to carry out expensive ancestor rituals.
 
−
:::*''Liable'' for family members crimes.
 
−
:::*Note the italicized moral terms. Moral culture changes with sociocentrism/individualism, as in Haidt.  
 
−
::*Contrast on p. 28. In the Industrial World "everyone is shopping for better relationships."  Read specific contrasts. 
 
−
::*Hofstede's scale for measuring individualism/sociocentrism -
 
−
::*Economic prosperity and Individualism may be in two way causal relationship.
 
−
::*Note caveats to this research on p. 31.  1. As with physio-politics, '''not''' say one cultural package is objectively better than another. [Arguably, individualism and markets got us to the crisi of climate change.] 2. As with physio-politics, the categories mask numerous continuous differences.  
 
  
−
:*'''Cultivating the WEIRD self'''
+
:*'''Kraft origins story'''
−
::*Research showing individualists cultivate "consistency across relationships" vs. kin-based "consistency within relationships”.
 
−
::*Dispositionalism - seeing people's behavior as anchored impersonal traits that influence actions across contexts. The Fundamental Attribution Error (33) is a bias of WEIRD people, not a universal cognitive bias.  WEIRD people suffer more from cognitive dissonance because of the type of consistency valued in WEIRD culture.
 
−
::*Guilt vs. Shame
 
−
::*Conformity - Solom Asch's experiments in which confederates give incorrect answers to test conformity.  WEIRD cultures show lowest conformity. 37-38.
 
  
−
:*'''Stop here for first half.'''
+
::*1912, James Lewis Kraft invented canned cheese. used in field rations.  1928: Velveeta, high sodium as by product of industrial process. 
 +
::*Eventually Kraft uses an emulsifier, Sodium phosphate, but that increased sodium and reduced cheese flavor. 
 +
::*point is that industrial cheese can be made in a few days.  “Milk in, cheese out” fresh cheeses are quick, but real solid cheese can take 18 months or more to mature. (Is that a real value or just an old way of doing something?).  note 167. 
  
−
:*Marshmallows Come to Those Who Wait
+
:*'''Cheese in US food economy'''
−
::*"Discounting" as a measure of patience
+
::*anti-fat campaign of 80s led to overproduction of milkfat  ("Cows can't make skim milk" - maybe a clue that something's backwards), gov't subsidized milk and cheese; huge warehouses of cheese (1.9 billion pounds at a cost to taxpayers of 44billion a year) ;  Reagan admin stopped this, but also raised funds from the industry for new marketing efforts to promote milk consumption.   
−
::*Impersonal Honesty -- UN Diplomats research, Impersonal Honesty Game (results at p. 44)
+
::*1983 Dairy and Tobacco Adjustment Act.  [1993 Got Milk? Ad campaign for California Milk Processors Board]
−
::*Universalism and Non-relationalism -- Passengers Dilemma
+
::*Note the gastronomy segement 171-172 - ex Kraft cheese expert Broockmann.   
−
::*Trusting Strangers - GTQ instrument.  impersonal trust vs. trust in relationship based networks.
+
::*Update.  Only 1.4 billion pounds in storage! [https://fee.org/articles/why-does-the-federal-government-have-14-billion-pounds-of-american-cheese-stockpiled/]
−
::*Impersonal prosociality - correlated with national wealth, better government, less corruption, faster innovation.   
 
−
::*Obsessed with intentions -- Bob/Rob and Andy story.  Barrett and Laurence research.  Indep. research on Japanese (less focused on intentions)
 
−
::*Analytic vs. Holistic thinking.  Triad Task.  abstract rule-based vs. functional relationship.  Possible that even some of the Mapuche's "analytic" answers had holistic reasoning.  pig/dog pig/husks. Also, attention and memory studies: East Asians remember background/context better that WEIRD people.  Americans track the center of attention. 
 
  
−
::*WEIRD also have great endowment effect, overestimate our talents, self-enhance, enjoy making choices.  
+
:*'''Philadelphia Cream Cheese'''
−
::*Summary table on p. 56.  See bot of p. 57 for a look ahead at the argument he is making about the cultural influence of the Catholic Church.
+
::*"Sliced" didn't work.  spreading is part of the fun, but also suppresses serving size information. p. 174: '''no bliss point for fat'''. 
 +
::*Kraft Mac & Cheese. Extended product line with added cheese varieties.  Up to 15 grams of saturated fat.  Then you are meant to add beef!
 +
::*Nutritional profile might not look bad at first glance [http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/meals-entrees-and-sidedishes/5964/2], but check out this comparison [http://www.motherjones.com/blue-marble/2013/03/kraft-mac-cheese-dye-annies-cheez]
 +
::*Stuffing cheese into pizzas. 
 +
::*Early social media marketing effort using Food network star Paula Dean, targeted to women — “Real Women” (amazing: Mac and cheese, wrapping in bacon and deep fried!) and social media to generate interest. Creating industry based food culture.  5% boost in sales. Sadly, Paula Dean get diabetes and switches her sponsorship to a drug company.
 +
 
 +
:*'''2008 Dutch research on visible / invisible fats'''
 +
::*visible / invisible fats and satiety, perception of fat.  results: everyone underestimated fat content, visible fat group full faster, about 10% more.
 +
::*Personal advice: buy whole fats and eat them sparingly and mindfully.  Compare satiety with Costco sized skim-fat products.
 +
 
 +
::*Puzzle: many cultures eat much more cheese than Americans.  French 53, Italy 44, Germans 46, yet do not suffer dietary disease from it as we do. [Now we have some answers to this, though there is skepticism about the French!]
 +
 
 +
::*Previous student comment: "This material makes me really glad that I don't like cheese."
 +
 
 +
::*Brief class discussion: What should your cheese strategy be?

Latest revision as of 19:00, 15 February 2023

9. FEB 15

Assigned Work

  • Moss, C8, "Liquid Gold"
  • Pollan, In Defense of Food, C1 "From Foods to Nutrients" (19-27) (8)
  • If you have not seen "Food, Inc." please watch it during this unit (video file in Shared folder). Also these two long form opinion videos from the New York Times update segments of the video. Please watch them during this unit.
  • "Meet the People Getting Paid to Kill Our Planet," Semple, Westbrook, and Kessel, NYT. [1]
  • "See the True Cost of Your Cheap Chicken," King, Westbrook, Kessel, NYT. [2]

In-Class

  • Debrief on SW1. Next steps

Pollan, Michael. Part 1: From Food to Nutrients (19-27)

  • Nutritionism in the history of nutrition science.

  • claims that in the 80s we started describing food in terms of nutrients.
  • credits William Prout with discovery of centrality of protein, fat, and carbs. Liebig credited also. Also discovers role of nitrogen phosphorus, and potassium in growing plants. Claims to have solved problem of nutrition. [There was a big question among chemists about what it is in food that keeps us alive. Recall this is mid-19th. Chemistry came late to the scientific revolution in the 17th and 18th centuries.]
  • ”Extractum Carnis” — big business for Liebig. early example of meat protein ideology. Didn’t work as baby formula.
  • Alludes to the discovery of the causes of “scurvy” on ships. Reluctance of outfitters to give sailors fresh citrus.
  • discovery of vitamins 1912. Casimir Funk. Note the “vitalism” in the name.
  • addressed scurvy and “berberi” B1 (Thiamine) deficiency.
  • [Digression on Thiamine. Part of a coenzyme that facilitates the energy production cycle ATP in cells. “I can’t, I can’t”. Related to the onset of machines for producing polished rice.]
  • First modern conflict between US dietary advice and US food industry.
  • 22: 1977 McGovern Committee: first Diet Goals for the US.
  • Lipid hypothesis: claim that high levels of heart disease in the US were result of dietary fat consumption, especially from meat and dairy. Not great evidence base at this time.
  • Committee rec. reducing fat intake. Backlash. To avoid targeting a particular food industry, the committee started to use broader catergories of foods and nutritional markers to identify dietary goals. McGovern loses reelection, with help from beef lobby.
  • Instead of “eat less meat and dairy” - “choose meat, dairy, and fish with less saturated fat.”
  • Nutritionism as an ideology: Foods seen as delivery systems for nutrients. Some scientists like T. Colin Campbell objected, claiming that food and diet is still a legit level to see relationships. Heart disease might not only be about fat intake, but also lack of plant based foods. [Mention The China Study — some big criticisms, but later research on fats in context of plant based diet aligns with Campbell’s research.]
  • Even when plants were understood as beneficial, they were described in terms of anti-oxidants, vitamin C, and carotenes.
  • Nutritionism - the assumption that the right level to think about food nutrition is the biochemical level. [Not so much wrong as limited. There are wholistic effects from diets that involve complexity best captured by “diet” and “food types” (e.g. colors of vegetables predict benefits).]

More Fat Facts

  • Our treatment of the dangers of saturated fat is standard nutrition science, but a more sophisticated understanding of fat has emerged. Here’s the update:
  • 1970s: We thought saturated fat was a sufficient cause of heart disease. American Heart Association cashed in on lipidphobia and still does. Food companies pay a lot for their seal of approval.
  • Later studies (Lancet 2017) looked at 135,000 people in 18 countries and found no correlation between fats, fat intake and risk of cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular disease mortality. Shocking! Lancet study. High carb, high fat diets do have risks.
  • More recent studies support Campbell’s hypothesis that plant based diets have a protective effect against some fat consumption.

Moss, Ch. 8, "Liquid Gold"

  • Wallace and Grommet on cheese: [3]
  • Stories told in this chapter: Dean Southworth and Cheese Whiz; James Lewis Kraft, cheese entrepreneur!; story of cheese in the US food economy; Kraft marketing of Philadelphia cream cheese and Paula Dean story; closing research on visible/invisible fats. There is no upper bliss point for fat!
  • Cheez Whiz
  • Cheez Whiz; altered from original, but never a gourmet experience. Pretty much no cheese in it now.
  • Kraft origins story
  • 1912, James Lewis Kraft invented canned cheese. used in field rations. 1928: Velveeta, high sodium as by product of industrial process.
  • Eventually Kraft uses an emulsifier, Sodium phosphate, but that increased sodium and reduced cheese flavor.
  • point is that industrial cheese can be made in a few days. “Milk in, cheese out” fresh cheeses are quick, but real solid cheese can take 18 months or more to mature. (Is that a real value or just an old way of doing something?). note 167.
  • Cheese in US food economy
  • anti-fat campaign of 80s led to overproduction of milkfat ("Cows can't make skim milk" - maybe a clue that something's backwards), gov't subsidized milk and cheese; huge warehouses of cheese (1.9 billion pounds at a cost to taxpayers of 44billion a year) ; Reagan admin stopped this, but also raised funds from the industry for new marketing efforts to promote milk consumption.
  • 1983 Dairy and Tobacco Adjustment Act. [1993 Got Milk? Ad campaign for California Milk Processors Board]
  • Note the gastronomy segement 171-172 - ex Kraft cheese expert Broockmann.
  • Update. Only 1.4 billion pounds in storage! [4]
  • Philadelphia Cream Cheese
  • "Sliced" didn't work. spreading is part of the fun, but also suppresses serving size information. p. 174: no bliss point for fat.
  • Kraft Mac & Cheese. Extended product line with added cheese varieties. Up to 15 grams of saturated fat. Then you are meant to add beef!
  • Nutritional profile might not look bad at first glance [5], but check out this comparison [6]
  • Stuffing cheese into pizzas.
  • Early social media marketing effort using Food network star Paula Dean, targeted to women — “Real Women” (amazing: Mac and cheese, wrapping in bacon and deep fried!) and social media to generate interest. Creating industry based food culture. 5% boost in sales. Sadly, Paula Dean get diabetes and switches her sponsorship to a drug company.
  • 2008 Dutch research on visible / invisible fats
  • visible / invisible fats and satiety, perception of fat. results: everyone underestimated fat content, visible fat group full faster, about 10% more.
  • Personal advice: buy whole fats and eat them sparingly and mindfully. Compare satiety with Costco sized skim-fat products.
  • Puzzle: many cultures eat much more cheese than Americans. French 53, Italy 44, Germans 46, yet do not suffer dietary disease from it as we do. [Now we have some answers to this, though there is skepticism about the French!]
  • Previous student comment: "This material makes me really glad that I don't like cheese."
  • Brief class discussion: What should your cheese strategy be?
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