Difference between revisions of "FEB 1"

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==5. FEB 1==
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==6: FEB 1. ==
  
===Assigned Work===
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===Assigned===
  
:*Nix, Stacy. Chapter 2: "Carbohydrates" ''Williams' Basic Nutrition and Diet Therapy''  (pp. 13-30).
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:*Wrangham C10 – “The Evolution of Right and Wrong” – 2nd half (210-220; 10) – Key concepts: Good Samaritan Problem, emotions as moral guides, interference, baby prosociality, Ultimatum Game, reverse dominance hierarchies, self-protection, conformity, obedience, shame, guilt, and embarrassment.
:*Complete [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdpGUY8XJVDBpzIuWVIWJNaZ3s0VNMkKuL1580mir2wSfRjqQ/viewform?usp=sf_link Carbohydrate Worksheet] by Wednesday night, midnight.
 
:*SW1: What's important about your microbiota?  '''See below for due date.'''
 
  
===In-class===
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===In-Class===
  
:*Discussion of SW1 assignment and prompt.  Some reminders about good writing.
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:*Rubric and Process
:*Review of [[Assignment Rubric]]
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:*Bonobos (Wrangham C5)
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:*The Tyrant Problem and Capital Punishment (C7 & C8)
  
===Some writing concepts===
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===Rubric and Process===
  
:*A general challenge of good writing -- '''Getting outside of your head''' -- looking at the writing as if you didn't write it.
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:*[[Assignment Rubric]] - Normalizing scores. What's a 5 out of 7?  How likely are we to see 3, 2, or 1?
  
:*Here are a few good writing concepts to look for in the samples on the handout.
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:*Today we will do some rubric training (sometimes called "grade norming").
::*'''Flow''' -- How well does one sentence follow another?  Do you notice places where flow is interrupted?
 
::*'''Good starts''' -- Without good introductions and signals of organization and thesis readers are disoriented and confused.  Set context by framing the topic.  Tell your readers where you are going to take them. 
 
::*'''Efficient writing''' -- Literally, how much you say with so many words.  Awkward phrasing and limited word choice reduce efficiency.
 
  
===SW1: What's important about your microbiota?===
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:*Process for writing review, scoring, and comments. (Use SW1 assignment.)
  
:*'''Stage 1''': Please write an 600 hundred word maximum answer to the following question by '''Saturday, February 4th, 2023, 11:59pm.'''
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===Wrangham C10 – “The Evolution of Right and Wrong” – 2nd half (210-220; 10)===
::*Topic: We've been following science research on the microbiota and connecting that research to practical questions about our diets.  What are some of the general lessons for us coming out of this research and what might it tell us about ''the nature of food and healthy eating''?  In your answer try to give both the "big picture" and highlight some of the more remarkable and interesting results of microbiome research. 
 
  
:*'''Advice about collaboration''': Collaboration is part of the academic process and the intellectual world that college courses are based on, so it is important to me that you have the possibility to collaborate.  I encourage you to collaborate with other students, but only up to the point of sharing ideas, references to class notes, and your own notes, '''verbally'''.  Collaboration  is also a great way to make sure that a high average level of learning and development occurs in the class. The best way to avoid plagiarism is to NOT share text of draft answers or outlines of your answer.  Keep it verbal.  Generate your own examples. 
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:*See notes from previous class.
  
:*Prepare your answer and submit it in the following way. '''You will lose points''' if you do not follow these instructions:
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===The Tyrant Problem and Capital Punishment (C7 & C8)===
  
::# To assure anonymity, you must remove your name from the the "author name" that you may have provided when you set up your word processing application. For instructions on removing your name from an Word or Google document, [[https://wiki.gonzaga.edu/alfino/index.php/Removing_your_name_from_a_Word_file click here]].
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:*The Tyrant problem and Capital Punishment- Evidence of use of capital punishment in human societiesExecution was a selective pressure against aggressive individuals (mostly males). Or, "We evolved a behavior of using coalitionary proactive aggression against bullies."
::# Format your answer in double spaced text, in a typical 12 point font, and using normal margins. Do not add spaces between paragraphs and indent the first line of each paragraph. 
 
::# '''Do not put your name in the file or filename'''You may put your student ID number in the file, but '''not in the filename'''. Save your file for this assignment with the name: '''Microbiota'''.
 
::# To turn in your assignment, log into courses.alfino.org, click on the “1 - Points” dropbox.
 
::# If you cannot meet a deadline, you must email me about your circumstances (unless you are having an emergency) '''before''' the deadline or you will lose points.  
 
  
:*'''Stage 2''': Please evaluate '''four''' student answers and provide brief comments and a score. Review the [[Assignment Rubric]] for this exercise.  We will be using the Flow and Content areas of the rubric for this assignment. Complete your evaluations and scoring by '''Wednesday, February 8, 2023 11:59pm.'''
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:*Execution hypothesis - Selection against aggressiveness and in favor of greater docility came from execution of the most anti-social individuals.   
 
 
::*To determine the papers you need to peer review, open the file called "#Key.xls" in the shared folder. You will see a worksheet with saint names in alphabetically order, along with animal names.  Find your saint name and review the next four (4) animals' work below your animal name. If you get to the bottom of the list before reaching 4 animals, go to the top of the list and continue.   
 
  
::*Use [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScOI7j5oxnVd7Sv192fVFYVSiuK5bfwpBLkossVXjC2jir75Q/viewform?usp=sf_link this Google Form] to evaluate '''four''' peer papers. Submit the form once for each review.
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:*Has Darwin’s support, even though he didn’t think we self-dom.  Appreciated that contemporary society’s execution practice was a kind of selection pressure. (Prison does nothing for your dating prospects.) More dominant theory has been: parochial altruism hypothesis — groups that could cooperate in war have an advantage. Specifically self-sacrifice. But this is not seen in hunter-gather groups. Maybe more of a cultural level effect.
  
::*Some papers may arrive lateIf you are in line to review a missing paper, allow a day or two for it to show upIf it does not show up, go back to the key and review the next animal's paper, continuing until you get four reviews. Do not review more than four papers.
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:*Alexander argues that reputation is the key to h.sapien cooperationGossip matters.  Chimps don’t gossip and don’t care about their reputationEvidence from h-gatherers.  Reputation matters. 137.
  
:*'''Stage 3''': I will grade and briefly comment on your writing using the peer scores as an initial ranking.  Assuming the process works normally, most of my scores probably be within 1-2 points of the peer scores, plus or minus.   
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:*Solution to the Tyrant problem (an alpha male who doesn’t care about his reputation) is for coalitions of males to kill him.   
  
:*'''Stage 4''': Back-evaluation: After you receive your peer comments and my evaluation, take a few minutes to fill out this quick "back evaluation" rating form: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfukAB_Jmv3GO72xjZiCuPz3ZrVMP1SL-B_WGi171QxFBvPyg/viewform?usp=sf_link].  '''Fill out the form for each reviewer, but not Alfino.'''  '''You must do the back evaluation to receive credit for the whole assignment.'''  Failing to give back-evaluations unfairly affects other classmates.
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:*C8 - Capital punishment
  
::*Back evaluations are due '''TBD'''.
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:*Used to be lots of ways to get executed.  Read at 143.  Popular.  Crimes to execution in a few days.  Not just America.  Capital punishment is a human universal.  By contrast, other primates allow for contests against the alpha male.
  
===Nix, Chapter 2, "Carbohydrates"===
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:*Examples of male coalitions in h-gather groups.  Importance of self-deprecation to show you are not arrogant.  Egalitarian expectation.  Predates ag societies hierarchy. 
  
:*'''Nature of Carbs'''
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:*Why aren’t there alpha males around h-gatherersStory 157 of gift of ox that backfires.  (Like anti-social punishment).   Dom from cap pun supported by absence of alpha males and egalitarian values among males.
::*Carbs are a source of short term energyAll Carbs break down into sugars during metabolism.
 
::*Scale of simple to complexSimple sugars (monosacharides) don't even require digestion. Starchs are complex and "slow burning".
 
::*Limits to the "energy" metaphor:
 
:::*carb levels and types help regulate other processes like insulin response,
 
:::*fiber helps with useful bacteria production, appears to reduce colon cancer, helps with bowel function and avoidance of diverticulosis.
 
:::*carb types and level signal body to break down protein for energy or not.  
 
:::*soluble fiber binds bile acids, lowering cholesterol
 
  
::*Classes of Carbs:
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:*161: genetic account — Would 300,000 years (12,000 generations) be enough?    Some indicators, yesBut needs languageLanguage comes in bt 100,000 and 60,000 y agoGood evidence h.sapien langauge better than other homo.   
:::*Mono and di-saccharides are “simple carbs”Glucose is the form that sugar takes in your blood.   
 
:::*Polysaccarides are found in starches: grains, rice, cornAlso in plant proteins: legumes.   
 
:::*Per capita HFCS (high fructose corn syrup) up from .12 tsp daily in 1970 to 11.18 tsp in 2008. p. 15
 
::*Fibers
 
:::*Soluble and insoluble - soluble fiber binds bile acids and lowers blood cholesterol.
 
:::*Insoluable are roughly what the Sonnenbergs were calling “MACs”.
 
  
:::*Note warning on high fiber low iron-rich diet.  Phytic acid in this diet can cause iron deficiency. You can get too much fiber, but most Americans don't.
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:*”The development of increasingly skilled language, in combination with our evolved solution to the tyrant problem, thus provides the best basis for the ultimate explanation of human domestication. Or, "Unlike chimps, but like bonobos, h. sapiens did not tolerate alpha males ruling by 1-1 contests for dominance.  Humans and bonobos gang up on tyrants."
  
:*'''Functions of Carbs'''
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===Small Group Discussion: "The Paradox" and "More Bonobo"?===
::*reserve fuel supply is stored as glycogen in muscles [[http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/cell-energy-and-cell-functions-14024533]] and blood sugar.  Roughly 1-2 hours of aerobic exercise.  glycogen also stored in the liver to regulate blood sugar.
 
::*Carbs keep us from going into ketosis, but as we've noted, you can have a diet based on having your body in a state of ketosis (Paleo).
 
  
:*'''Digestion'''
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:*In your small group discussion consider two questions:
::*Primarily in small intestine, through enzymes such as amalyse from the pancreas, and from the "microvilli" of the intestine which contain specific di-saccaridases: sucrase, lactase, and maltase. (digression from p. 26 text box on dairying as textbook case of gene-culture co-evolution.)
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::*1. What is the "paradox of goodness" in Wrangham's theory of the the origins of morality?  
::*Saliva contains enzymes that break down carbs.
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::*2. Would we be better off if we were less chimp and more bonobo?  (Your group might also speculate about how that could come about. Should we raise our expectations for tolerance and non-aggression? Lower our groupishness?)
::*Glycemic index vs. Glycemic load [https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/food-beverages/glycemic-index-glycemic-load#glycemic-load link for GI vs. GL]
 
::*Note how our bodies are designed to chemically and mechanically break down carbs. There is no need to outsource this to an industrial food!
 
  
::*As we learned from study of the microbiome, you can think of carbs as feeding both you and them (the other 15 trillion organisms you walk around with in your gut). Neither fat nor protein get into the large intestine in significant amounts.  We feed our gut bacteria with carbs. 
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:*Fill in this group [https://forms.gle/DttvYZ1pD9xgGns97 report form] with your best answer to each questionsYou each receive 5 points for completing the form.
 
 
:*'''Recommendations'''
 
 
 
::*Decrease added sugar to less than 10% of calorie intakeCurrent ly 28 teaspoons of added sugar a day.)
 
 
 
::*Increase proportion of complex carbs.  (But also, following Kessler and the Sonnenbergs, distinguish complex carbs that are in forms that reach your MB.)
 
 
 
::*There’s a good chance you are within the normal range for total carb intake (it's a broad range), but many of you could benefit from shifting the balance toward complex carbs.  Think about your "carb profile".  Is it tilted toward simple carbs and a high glycemic (index and load) diet? Or are you more invested in complex carbs that travel in rougher textures (with grain structure attached).
 
 
 
::* Check to be sure you are approaching <10% of carbs from refined sugar.  3 2 oz packages of Skittles = 750cal / 168 grams of carbs, but not a good approach!  Note this is already more than 10% of calories from refined sugar.
 

Latest revision as of 20:41, 1 February 2024

6: FEB 1.

Assigned

  • Wrangham C10 – “The Evolution of Right and Wrong” – 2nd half (210-220; 10) – Key concepts: Good Samaritan Problem, emotions as moral guides, interference, baby prosociality, Ultimatum Game, reverse dominance hierarchies, self-protection, conformity, obedience, shame, guilt, and embarrassment.

In-Class

  • Rubric and Process
  • Bonobos (Wrangham C5)
  • The Tyrant Problem and Capital Punishment (C7 & C8)

Rubric and Process

  • Assignment Rubric - Normalizing scores. What's a 5 out of 7? How likely are we to see 3, 2, or 1?
  • Today we will do some rubric training (sometimes called "grade norming").
  • Process for writing review, scoring, and comments. (Use SW1 assignment.)

Wrangham C10 – “The Evolution of Right and Wrong” – 2nd half (210-220; 10)

  • See notes from previous class.

The Tyrant Problem and Capital Punishment (C7 & C8)

  • The Tyrant problem and Capital Punishment- Evidence of use of capital punishment in human societies. Execution was a selective pressure against aggressive individuals (mostly males). Or, "We evolved a behavior of using coalitionary proactive aggression against bullies."
  • Execution hypothesis - Selection against aggressiveness and in favor of greater docility came from execution of the most anti-social individuals.
  • Has Darwin’s support, even though he didn’t think we self-dom. Appreciated that contemporary society’s execution practice was a kind of selection pressure. (Prison does nothing for your dating prospects.) More dominant theory has been: parochial altruism hypothesis — groups that could cooperate in war have an advantage. Specifically self-sacrifice. But this is not seen in hunter-gather groups. Maybe more of a cultural level effect.
  • Alexander argues that reputation is the key to h.sapien cooperation. Gossip matters. Chimps don’t gossip and don’t care about their reputation. Evidence from h-gatherers. Reputation matters. 137.
  • Solution to the Tyrant problem (an alpha male who doesn’t care about his reputation) is for coalitions of males to kill him.
  • C8 - Capital punishment
  • Used to be lots of ways to get executed. Read at 143. Popular. Crimes to execution in a few days. Not just America. Capital punishment is a human universal. By contrast, other primates allow for contests against the alpha male.
  • Examples of male coalitions in h-gather groups. Importance of self-deprecation to show you are not arrogant. Egalitarian expectation. Predates ag societies hierarchy.
  • Why aren’t there alpha males around h-gatherers. Story 157 of gift of ox that backfires. (Like anti-social punishment). Dom from cap pun supported by absence of alpha males and egalitarian values among males.
  • 161: genetic account — Would 300,000 years (12,000 generations) be enough? Some indicators, yes. But needs language. Language comes in bt 100,000 and 60,000 y ago. Good evidence h.sapien langauge better than other homo.
  • ”The development of increasingly skilled language, in combination with our evolved solution to the tyrant problem, thus provides the best basis for the ultimate explanation of human domestication. Or, "Unlike chimps, but like bonobos, h. sapiens did not tolerate alpha males ruling by 1-1 contests for dominance. Humans and bonobos gang up on tyrants."

Small Group Discussion: "The Paradox" and "More Bonobo"?

  • In your small group discussion consider two questions:
  • 1. What is the "paradox of goodness" in Wrangham's theory of the the origins of morality?
  • 2. Would we be better off if we were less chimp and more bonobo? (Your group might also speculate about how that could come about. Should we raise our expectations for tolerance and non-aggression? Lower our groupishness?)
  • Fill in this group report form with your best answer to each questions. You each receive 5 points for completing the form.