Prosthetic limbs and competitive sports

RESOURCES

ILLiad account - Username: Akelly/Password: gonzaga

BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

Science, Medicine, And The Future: Artificial Limbs Linda J. Marks, John W. Michael BMJ: British Medical Journal, Vol. 323, No. 7315 (Sep. 29, 2001), pp. 732-735 Published by: BMJ Publishing Group http://www.jstor.org/stable/25467993 This article talks about prosthetic limbs and the advancements that have been made.

NLICC STAFF. "Prosthetic FAQs for the New Amputee." Web. 5 Nov. 2009. <http://www.amputee-coalition.org/fact_sheets/prosfaq.html>. -This website was created by the Amputee Coalition of America. The article is a basic list of questions and answers for someone looking into prosthetics. It gives a viewpoint of someone who has to use a prosthetic limb, which is helpful to determine if a prosthetic limb requires as much work and maintenance as does the -human body.

Bill Kuehn. "On bended knee. " Joe Weider's Muscle & Fitness 1 Apr. 2003: Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 10 Nov. 2009. This article shows the opportunities within getting prosthetic surgery after getting an amputation.

DO PROSTHETIC LIMBS GIVE AN UNFAIR ADVANTAGE?

"Yes"

Dreger, Alice. "Swifter, Higher, Stronger? Science Adds a Variable :[Sports Desk]. " New York Times 13 Sep. 2009, Late Edition (East Coast): New York Times, ProQuest. Web. 13 Dec. 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=2&did=1859648611&SrchMode=2&sid=1&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1260763811&clientId=10553 This article talks about different ways that athletes can try to gain an advantage through science including prosthetic limbs.

"The Story Behind: Prosthetic Limbs". European Patent Office. November 6, 2009 <http://www.epo.org/topics/innovation-and-economy/european-inventor/inventions/2008/prosthecic-limbs.html>. This article provides reasons for the possibilities of prosthetic limbs to allow runners to run faster than those with biological legs.

Jones, Carwyn, and Cassie Wilson. "Defining advantage and athletic performance:The Case of Oscar Pistorius." The European Journal of Sport Science 9.2 (2009): 125-31. Illiad. Web. 20 Nov. 2009. <http://gonzaga.illiad.oclc.org/illiad/illiad.dll?SessionID=J183504740C&Action=10&Form=75&Value=120277>. This article goes into all the different implications of if Oscar Pistorius is allowed to compete. Very indepth article. It goes back through history and explains why they think Pistorius should not be alllowed to compete.

"No"

Swartz, Leslie, and Brian Watermeyer "Cyborg anxiety: Oscar Pistorius and the boundaries of what it means to be human." Disability & Society 23.2 (2008): 187-190. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 17 Nov. 2009. http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=5&hid=7&sid=fc5e553c-f588-4698-b06f-605f666cae5e%40sessionmgr13 This article is about the history of disabled people and how as technology has gotten better disabled are now able to compete against able bodied people. It talks about whether Oscar Pistorius as well as others should be allowed to compete and the implications that this might have on the future of sports.

ANI. "Prosthetic legs don’t give amputee runners an unfair advantage: Study." 5 Nov. 2009. Web. 5 Nov. 2009. <http://trak.in/news/prosthetic-legs-dont-give-amputee-runners-an-unfair-advantage-study/20258/>. -This is an article that supports the claim that prosthetic limbs do not give an advantage to those with them. This article provides a strong opinion that should be researched further.

Hitt, Jack. "Are High-Tech Prostheses Fair? - The Moral of the Story Blog - NYTimes.com." Ethics Analysis - The Moral of the Story Blog - NYTimes.com. Web. 19 Nov. 2009. <http://ethicist.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/10/are-high-tech-prostheses-fair/?ex=1273467600&en=6dadc96b7ef483e8&ei=5087&WT.mc_id=GN-D-I-NYT-MOD-MOD-M123-ROS-1109-HDR&WT.mc_ev=click>.===Rule 144.2 IAAF=== This article gives an up to date look into the Oscar Pistorius/prostheses conflict. It sides with Oscar. It is very hopeful for giving claims

Keim, Brandon. "Measuring the Athletic (Dis)advantages of Artificial Limbs". Wired Science. Nov 20. 2009.<http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2007/07/measuring-the-a/> More insight on advantages/disadvantages of prosthetic limbs.

Other

Video from Espn program called e60. ITs about Oscar Pistorius and whether he has an unfair advantage. http://espn.go.com/video/clip?id=3348340&categoryid=3060647

Author Unknown."Born to Run". IEEE Spectrum. November 6, 2009 <http://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/bionics/born-to-run>. This article gives a brief insight from Heidrun Gigja Ragnarsdottir, a creator prosthetic limbs.

Jones, Carwyn, and Cassie Wilson "Defining advantage and athletic performance: The case of Oscar Pistorius." European Journal of Sport Science 9.2 (2009): 125-131. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 10 Nov. 2009. http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3&hid=13&sid=088dcc3b-4301-454d-bf7e-4669224453b5%40sessionmgr14&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph&AN=37141184. This article about whether athletes with disabilities like Oscar Pistorius should be allowed to compete in the Oylmpics and whether they have an unfair advantage.

Fox, Stuart. "Study Proves That Specialized Prosthetic Legs Grant No Advantage In Sprinting". POPSCI. Nov 12. 2009. <http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2009-11/study-proves-specialized-prosthetic-legs-grant-no-advantage-sprinting> Prosthetic limbs create disadvantages...

Czerniecki, J.M., and A. Gitter "Insights into amputee running: a muscle work analysis." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 71.4 (1992): 209-218. SPORTDiscus with Full Text. EBSCO. Web. 11 Nov. 2009.http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3&hid=9&sid=2a0fba01-8578-4d53-8b6c-5e204c88adb9%40sessionmgr14&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=s3h&AN=SPH303764. This is study on the comparision of able bodied vs amputee runners and its findings. Still need to find full text of this article.

Camporesi, Silvia. "Oscar Pistorius, enhancement, and post-humans." Journal of Medical Ethics 34.9 (2008): 639-39. Illiad. Web. 20 Nov. 2009. <http://gonzaga.illiad.oclc.org/illiad/illiad.dll?SessionID=J183504740C&Action=10&Form=75&Value=120368>. This article talks about the ethics behind whether amputee athletes should be allowed to compete. Oscar Pistorius has been allowed to compete and is elgible to run on the relay team. It goes into what might happen in the future and if the prosthetic limbs should be considered fair.

SCIENTIFIC STUDIES

Czernieki, Joseph M. "Insights into amputee Running: A muscle work analysis." American Journal of physical medicene and rehibilitation 71.4 (1992). Illiad. Web. 19 Nov. 2009. <http://http://gonzaga.illiad.oclc.org/illiad/illiad.dll?SessionID=J183504740C&Action=10&Form=75&Value=120274>. THis is a study done to compare the amount of energy used by amputee runners vs able bodied runners. The info is dated but may still be useful.

Caroll, Will, and Tom Gorman. "| Inside Tommy John Surgery." Baseball Prospectus. Web. 20 Nov. 2009. <http://www.baseballprospectus.com/article.php?articleid=3486>. This is an article about the process that goes into a Tommy John Surgery and how it is effective..

"Dean Kamen previews a new prosthetic arm | Video on TED.com." TED: Ideas worth spreading. Web. 20 Nov. 2009. <http://www.ted.com/talks/dean_kamen_previews_a_new_prosthetic_arm.html>. This is a live speech at TED.com about groundbreaking advancements in prosthetic technology, specifically the arm and fingers.

FUTURE OF PROSTHETICS

Lippi, Giuseppe. "Pistorius inelgible for the Oylimpic Games; the right decision." British Journal of Sports Medicine 42.3 (2008): 160-61. Illiad. Web. 20 Nov. 2009. <http://gonzaga.illiad.oclc.org/illiad/illiad.dll?SessionID=U193114865Y&Action=10&Form=75&Value=120374>. This article talks a lot of the future of prothetics and how athletes that use them will most certainly pass the capabilities of humans. The article uses the word cyborgization to explain how this could replace nature's own way of evolving.

OSCAR PISTORIUS

Topolsky, Joshua. "Prosthetic-limbed runner disqualified from Olympics." 17 Jan. 2008. Web. 5 Nov. 2009. <http://www.engadget.com/2008/01/17/prosthetic-limbed-runner-disqualified-from-olympics/>. -This is an article that gives an example of someone who was disqualified from the olympics because of his prosthetic abilities.

Kuniholm, J.. "BUILDING A BETTER ARM. " Utne 1 Jul 2009: Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 10 Nov. 2009. This article describes the changes that were made between this man's prosthetic arm and his real arm. It describes the prosthetic arm as better than his original arm.

"Heart of a soldier. " The Ottawa Citizen 29 Sep. 2009, ProQuest Newsstand, ProQuest. Web. 10 Nov. 2009. This article describes a story where technology and determination can outweigh natural athleticism.

Casert, Raf. “IAAF Rules Amputee Oscar Pistorius Ineligible for Olympics.” Welcome to TimesPeople. Web. 15 Nov. 2009 < http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/14/sports/14iht-athletics14.9191533.html> This is the description of the official rules for Oscar's disqualification.

"The History of Prosthetics." Inventors. Web. 15 Nov. 2009. <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blprosthetic.htm>. This is a brief history of ancient artificial limbs

"Oscar Pistorius banned from Olympics - Times Online." Times Online | News and Views from The Times and Sunday Times. Web. 15 Nov. 2009. <http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/athletics/article3184427.ece> This is a story about how Oscar was disqualified.

"Oscar Pistorius." Welcome to Össur at www.ossur.com. Web. 15 Nov. 2009. <http://www.ossur.com/?PageID=13008> This is a biography and background of Oscar Pistorius.

Jho, Alok. "Prosthetics don't give sprinters an unfair advantage, research suggests." The Guardian. UK]. 4 Nov. 2009. Web. 12 Dec. 2009. <http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/nov/04/prosthetics-athletes-oscar-pistorius> This is an article on the Pistorius conflict and the justification for saying prosthetics are not performance enhancers.

RULE 144.2 IAAF

Competion Rules by the IAAF, 2008. http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/imported/42192.pdf on pg. 100 states "use of any technical device that incorporates springs, wheels or any other element that provides the user with an advantage over another athlete not using such a device."

Competition Rules 2008, 1 IAAF § 144.2 (2008). Print. This is the official terms on Pistorius' disqualification, from the official rule book.

Competion Rules by the IAAF, 2008. http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/imported/42192.pdf on pg. 100 states "use of any technical device that incorporates springs, wheels or any other element that provides the user with an advantage over another athlete not using such a device."

"IAAF Research and IPC Position Statement on Oscar Pistorius Case ." Americas Paralympic Committee. 16 Jan. 2008. Web. 30 Nov. 2009. <http://www.americasparalympic.org/apc/opencms/en/News/2008_01_16_a.html>. This is statement stating the IAAF position on how the rule 144.2 was intrepreted in the case of oscar pistorius. It was later changed but this article gives the original reasoning to why pistorius was banned.

Oscar Pistorius - Independent Scientific study concludes that cheetah prosthetics offer clear mechanical advantages." IAAF-Home of World Athletics. IAAF, 14 Jan. 2008. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. <http://www.iaaf.org/news/Kind=512/newsId=42896.html>. This article explains briefly the reasons and the results for the study on whether prosthetic limbs give runners an unfair advantage. The study was done by Peter Brüggemann and used Oscar Pistorius as the test subject. It concluded that the limbs or "cheetahs" as they as called are an unfair advantage.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

Oscar Pistorius Articles

Author Unkown."'Blade Runner' handed Olympic ban". BBC Sports Olympics. November 6, 2009 <http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics/athletics/7141302.stm>. This article explains in detail why Oscar Pistorius was disqualified.

Nihal Koshie. "'Blade runner' targets CWG, hoping to peak on time :double amputee Oscar Pistorius aims to run with the able-bodied in New Delhi. " DNA : Daily News & Analysis 28 Sep. 2009, ProQuest Newsstand, ProQuest. Web. 5 Nov. 2009. <http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=13&did=1879481341&SrchMode=2&sid=1&Fmt=4&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1257457275&clientId=10553> This article talks about a runner with prosthetic legs who was originally ruled to compete in the 2008 Olympics for having an unfair advantage over able-bodied runners, but the ruling was later reversed.

Ian Kerr. "Forget the old normal; Do Oscar Pistorius's prosthetic legs make him faster? That probably depends on whether you take two-leggedness as the baseline :[Final Edition]. " The Ottawa Citizen 16 Jan. 2008, ProQuest Newsstand, ProQuest. Web. 5 Nov. 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1415163171&SrchMode=2&sid=2&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1257971053&clientId=10553 This article discusses whether prothetic limbs give people an unfair advantage.This article talks about how many people believe that prothetics could passs human capabilities in the future.

Other Articles

RICK MORRISSEY, CHICAGO TRIBUNE. "Prosthetic legs unfair advantage for runner :[All Editions]. " The Record 26 Jan. 2008, ProQuest Newsstand, ProQuest. Web. 10 Nov. 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=17&did=1419233561&SrchMode=2&sid=2&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1257885533&clientId=10553 -This article talks about two different cases on athletes using technology to their advantage and whether either should be allowed?

Peter McKnight. "Sports, technology and the meaning of 'human'; The 'future' depicted in science fiction is upon us now :[Final Edition]. " The Vancouver Sun 26 Jan. 2008, ProQuest Newsstand, ProQuest. Web. 5 Nov. 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=18&did=1419954521&SrchMode=2&sid=2&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1257458082&clientId=10553

Matthew Pryor. "Test results give Pistorius reason for optimism in race for Beijing :[Final 1 Edition]. " The Times 5 Mar. 2008, ProQuest Newsstand, ProQuest. Web. 1 Dec. 2009. This article says that another study was done to see if prosthetic limbs are an advantage and the results can out completely so there may be some confusion on whether which results can be correct.

TOMMY JOHN SURGERY

Dodd, Mike. ""Tommy John" surgery: a career-saving procedure for many pitchers". BNET. November 17, 2009 <http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FCI/is_5_63/ai_115077544/>. This short article quotes a pitcher who claims he can throw faster because of the surgery.

"'Tommy John' Surgery For Elbow Reconstruction Effective, But Number Of Baseball Players Requiring It Alarming". ScienceDaily. November 17, 2009 <http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080712090831.htm>. This article gives facts and statistics on athletes who performed at a higher level after the surgery.

Dodd, Mike. "Tommy John surgery: Pitcher's best friend". USA TODAY. November 17, 2009 <http://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2003-07-28-cover-tommy-john_x.htm>. This provides more opinions from players about recovery.