Spring 2011 Happiness Class Class Notes 2

3/1/2011

de Botton, "Expectation" and "Meritocracy"

• Image of Nixon and Khruschev facing off on the value of material wealth.
• Consider profound changes in standard of living from end of medieval times to present.
• FDR recommending the Sears catalogue as one book to show Soviet people the advantages of American life.

Expectation

• de Botton implies that our "social comparison" abilities might have been jolted by the great increases in wealth from the Industrial Revolution and capitalism. Result might be increased "Status Anxiety".

• Shift from Medieval Christianity, quote p. 28.
• Traces the growth of idea of government being "justified" by its performance in the social contract. Rise of meritocratic thinking.
• Alexis de Tocqueville and American's "strange melancholy" -- an unexpected consequence of lifting barriers of aristocratic society is that members of society may experience more adverse social comparison and anxiousness about success.
• James on self-esteem: quotient of Success and Pretentions.
• Given de Botton's argument, it makes sense that myth of the self-made man would be prominent in Am. Culture.

"The price we have paid for expecting to be so much more than our ancestors is a a perpetual anxiety that we are far from being all we might be."

Meritocracy

• Three Old Stories about Failure

Gilbert, Chapters 4-6

Chapter 4: In the Blind Spot of the Mind's Eye

• Comparions of Adolph Fisher & George Eastman. Point: Need to 2nd guess how we impose seemingly objective criteria on others' lives.
• Brain reweaves experience: study with cars and stop signs/yield signs. Information acquired after the event alters memory of the event.
• Two highly confirmed results: Memory fills in. We don't typically notice it happening.
• Model of Mind (84) Prior to 19th century:

"philosophers had thought of the senses as conduits that allowed information about the properties of objects in the world to travel from the object and into the mind. The mind was like a movie screen in which the object was rebroadcast. The operation broke down on occasion, hence people occasionally saw things as they were not. But when the senses were working properly, they showed what was there. This theory of realism was described in 1690 by the philosopher John Locke: brains "believe" they don't "make believe" .

• Model of Mind brought in with Kant at beginning of 1800's:

Kant's idealism: "Kant's new theory of idealism claimed that our perceptions are not the result of a physiological process by which our eyes somehow transmit an image of the world into our brains but rather, they are the result of a psychological process that combines what our eyes see with what we already think, feel, know, want, and believe, and then uses this combination of sensory information and preexisting knowledge to construct our perception of reality. "

• Still, we act like realists: truck moving study
• We fill in details: imagine a plate of spaghetti.

Chapter 5: The Hound of Silence

• We don't train on what's not there: pigeons, detecting pattern change in trigrams.

Why do non-describer sports fans overestimate impact of losing a big game? They don't thing about the whole picture -- what's going to happen after the game, etc. Details the describers fill in. (Interesting practical lesson here.)

Time frame matters: example of agreeing to baby sit in a month vs. tomorrow night.

Chapter 6: The Future is Now

• Being wrong about the future: possibility of heavy planes flying. 112
• 113: Examples of current experience displacing past experience: dating couples, worries about exams, memories of Perot supporters.
• Examples of how we fail to predict how future selves will feel. 115: Volunteers choosing candy bars or knowing answers.
• We fail to account for the way future experience will change future preferences.
• Sneak Prefeel -- evidence suggests brain can have emotional responses to imaginings of the future. We simulate future events, we don't just experience them reflectively.
• How to Select Posters: In poster selection study, the "thinkers" are less satisfied with their choices.
• Limits of Prefeeling: "We can't see or feel two things at once, and the brain has strict priorities about what it will see, hear, and feel and what it will ignore. ... For instance, if we try to imagine a penguin while we are looking at an ostrich, the brain's policy won't allow it."122
• Read cartoon on bottom of p. 125 "Imagination cannot easily transcend the boundaries of the present, and one reason for this is that it must borrow machinery that is owned by perception. The fact that these two processes must run on the same platform means that we are sometimes confused about which one is running. We assume that what we feel as we imagine the future is what we'll feel when we get there, but in fact, what we feel as we imagine the future is often response to what's happening in the present."

3/15/2011

Gilbert, 7, Time Bombs

Space, Time and Future Preferences

• We spatialize time because it's an abstract thing and thinking of its spatially helps make it concrete.
• Hedonic adaptation -- factors affecting the habituation rate -- (start list)
• False prediction of future pleasure -- p. 130 study on snack predictions.
• Gilberts partial point -- variety has a cost… [But it doesn't follow that it's not in your happiness-interest to pay it sometimes.]
• Slogan of the night: "Pleasure isn't linear."
• Spagetti satisfaction predictions under condition of multi-tasking, p. 136.

Parade of Biases

• Anchoring Bias (135), Sensitivity to changes, (accounts for preferences for steady income increases, even it net payout is lower).
• Preference for the marked down vacation, even if more costly than a marked up one.
• Famous Khaneman and Tversky "mental accounting" study -- (140)
• We compare the present to the past instead of to the possible. (coffee example)
• But we also make mistakes when we compare the present to the possible. (tv purchase example, wine example, dictionary comparison, chips/chocolate vs. chips/sardines)
• Loss aversion (145)

Csiksentmihalyi, Chapters 1-3

Structures of Everyday Life

• Focus on how we spend our time and the state of mind/affect we experience from diff. activities in daily life
• Experience Sampling Method -- p. 14ff

The Content of Experience

• Theoretical position, p. 21: Wants to ask less for self-reports of happiness and more about the moods and affect that might be functionally related to happiness.
• Discussion of emotions, goals, and thoughts in terms of the organization of "psychic energy", roughly, the cognitive / emotive state of my mind at a particular moment or during an activity.
• FLOW, p. 29ff.

"It is the fall involvement of flow, rather than happiness, that makes for excellence in life. When we are in flow, we are not happy, because to experience happiness we must focus on our inner states, and that would take away attention from the task at hand."

How We Feel When Doing Different Things

• Table 2: Quality of Experience in Everyday Activities
• Schizophrenic patient and ESM
• Implicit hypothesis: People have different strategies and degrees of awareness of how to manage their affect (a form of self-care). Happiness might be improved by developing these capacities for self-care.

3/22/2011

Savoring

Bryant & Veroff, Chapters 1 & 8, and other notes

Chapter 1

• Savoring: capacity to attend to, appreciate and enhance positive experiences.
• Distinguishing savoring from pleasure -- reflective dimension to savoring.
• Need to suppress "social and esteem needs" for savoring.

• Savoring distinguished from other processes. In relation to:

• Mindfulness -- savoring narrower
• Meditation
• Flow

From Chapter 3

• Factors affecting the intensity of enjoyment experienced.

• Duration -- case of two positive events simultaneously vs. over time.
• Reduction of Stress --
• Complexity -- in the pleasures themselves vs. in web of relationships
• Attentional Focus --
• Balanced Self-Monitoring
• Interactive Consequences

Types of Savoring -- see handout from Chapter 5

Chapter 8

• Factors connecting Coping and Savoring: Social Support, Writing about life experiences, Downward hedonic contrast, Humor, Spirituality & Religion

• Essential Pre-conditions for Savoring

• Freedom from Social and Esteem Concerns
• Present Focus
• Attentional Focus

• Exercises

• Vacation in Daily Life
• Life Review -- "chaining"
• Camera Exercise

Additional Suggested Exercises for Happiness Practicum on Savoring:

1. Simple Savoring Exercise -- You and an orange. 2. Complex Savoring Exercise -- Cooking dinner for a friend.

Watkins, "Gratitude and Subjective Well-Being"

• Focus on emotional benefits of expressing gratitude.
• Distinguishes gratitude as a practice vs. trait. Latter is habituated.
• Researching the direction of causation -- p. 172ff: if it's possible to manipulate gratitude conditions and see a quasi-functional relationship on mood. Seems to have been weakly confirmed. Still possible to have bidirectional causation.
• Series of studies on emotional benefits, p. 174ff -- "Participants in the grateful condition felt better about their lives as a whole and were more optimistic about the future than students in both of the other comparison conditions." 174. Second study tested specific technique of downward comparison and compared it to control and "hassles" condition.

• How does gratitude contribute to happiness?

• 1: emotional boost from "gift" character of gratitude experiences.
• 2: counteracting hedonic habituation
• 3: focusing attention away from upward comparisons toward downward comparisons.
• 4: coping -- evidence from p. 178ff.
• 5: increasing accessibility and recollection of pleasant life events -- note, this follows from memory bias studies (p. 179)

Emmons, "Gratitude, SWB, and the Brain"

• Broad range of gratitude: from specific feeling about a particular event or circumstance to a general attitude toward life. Life as a gift.
• Definitions: pleasant feeling from received benefit. "undeserved merit" From Fitzgerald (470): appreciation, goodwill, disposition that follows from appreciation and goodwill.
• Gratitude can be a "virtue" if understood as a cultivated disposition to recognize undeserved merit.
• Gratitude response is stronger if the beneficiary intends the benefit.

• Evolutionary Perspective

• "as a cognitive—emotional supplement serving to sustain reciprocal obligations. -Simmel (471) "Thus, during exchange of benefits, gratitude prompts one person (a beneficiary) to be bound to another (a benefactor) during "exchange of benefits, thereby reminding beneficiaries of their reciprocity obligations."
• "Trivers viewed gratitude as an evolutionary adaptation that regulates people's responses to altruistic acts. Gratitude for altruistic acts is a reward for adherence to the universal norm of reciprocity and is a mediating mechanism that links the receipt of a favor to the giving of a return favor."

• Gratitude and SWB

• Strong claim for long term effects of gratitude as a trait: p. 476 -- participants show SWB boost 6 months later.

• Gratitude and the Brain

• Cognitive-affective neuroscience construct (What's happening to your brain when you experience gratitude?)
• General hypothesis: we have structures for both perceiving gratitude in others and expressing it.
• Specific hypothesis: Limbic prefontal networks involved: "; (1) the fusiform face-processing areas near the temporal—occipital junctions, (2) the amygdala and Limbic emotional processing systems that support emotional states, and (3) interactions between these two subcortical centers with the prefrontal regions that control executive and evaluative processes." 483. Like other prosocial emotions.

Specific hypothesis tested with studies of gratitude and mood induction in Parkinson's Disease patients.

• Psychological attitudes at odds with gratitude: "' A number of personal burdens and external obstacles block grateful thoughts. A number of attitudes are incompatible with a grateful outlook on Hfe, including perceptions of victimhood, an in ability to admit one's shortcomings, a sense of entitlement, and an inability to admit that one is not self-sufficient. InIn a culture that celebrates self-aggrandizement and perceptions of deservingness, gratitude can be crowded out.