Difference between revisions of "Tem"

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===Silverton, Jonathan. Dinner with Darwin, Chapters 5-8===
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==14: FEB 28==
  
:*'''5: Soup'''
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===Assigned===
::*'''Umami''' (savory) 
 
:::*1909 Kikunae Ikeda.  broth of dried bonito and seaweed.  discovered the flavor linked to glutamic acid.  salts of the same - sodium glutamate - MSG. 
 
:::*evo-expl for glutamates in seaweed.  through osmosis, maintains cell hydration in saline environment. 
 
:::*[[https://www.justonecookbook.com/how-to-make-dashi-jiru/ Dashi] So, what is Dashi?]
 
:::*glutamates also in tomatoes and parmesean cheese -- pasta marinara explained.
 
:::*'''Why do we taste umami?'''  Marker for protein and nutrients.  breast milk 10x glutamate of cow milk.
 
:::*'''Isn't MSG just salt?''' 58: salt not detected below 1:400.  socium glutamate detected to 1:3,000  - umami taste varies.  some people just report salt.  early 21st century, pair of proteins isolated for umami receptors in tongue. 
 
::*'''Salt'''
 
:::*two salt tasting receptors, one for low concentrations one for high. 
 
::*'''Bitter''' - green in cabbage family - from glucosinolates - defensive for insects. 
 
:::*Also, compounds in tea, alkaloids, bitter.  also in chocolate, poisons like strychnine and drugs like cocaine. 
 
:::*Lots of compounds trigger bitter, but also animals vary in range of bitter receptors.  cats 6, mice 35, humans 25.  Whether bitterness is experienced as good or bad depends upon the "smell image" (brain interaction with tongue/olfactory bulb).
 
::*'''Sour'''
 
:::*mild acid, in unripe fruit to prevent eating early.  sour signals acids that might be dangerous for our cells, but mild sour is pleasant.
 
:::*kids 5-9 have heightened sour tolerance.  theories 65: encourage nutrient consumption, but why not after 9?  or, broadens palette in kids.
 
:::*example of individual variation in sour detection.  '''PTC polymorphism''' - 65  funny story about scientists going to the zoo in Edinburgh 1939 to investigate. 
 
  
:*'''6: Fish'''
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:*Rachel Lauden, ''Cusine and Empire'' Introduction and Chapter 1, "Mastering Grain Cookery, 20,000 to 300 bce", p. 1-55
::*fish smell from TMA, releases ammonia, functions to maintain water balance in live fish. 
 
::*'''Smell'''
 
:::*Is it true that humans have an impoverished sense of smell? 
 
::::*Differences between taste and smell -- 1. taste has more possibilities: 35 receptors for bitter; 400 for OR (olfactory receptors) -- really 600 with alleles.  2. individual wiring.  70
 
:::*Evolutionary explanation:  We had less need for smell once we started walking upright. Might make sense to have smell receptors wired like an alarm and taste receptors for lots of information.  mice can smell carbon dioxide?  wow.
 
:::*details comparison to elephants: 2,000 OR. rats and mice about 1,000. 
 
:::*72: main discussion of retronasal olfaction - "smell image" (not his term, but in the rno lit) jasmine as sweet - coincidence! 
 
:::*We have a taste/smell system that can discriminate a trillion smells, more that visual discrimination. 
 
:::*So, we have an impoverished smell alarm system compared to other animals or our past, but a virtually limitless taste palette.  
 
::*'''back to fish'''
 
:::*how fish swim, fish have myoglobin in stead of hemoglobin.  fish store fuel as oil. up to 20% fat in muscle.  rapid acceleration from white muscle found in big predator fish.       
 
:::*fish muscle vs. animal muscle -- taste differences. 
 
:::*garum -- possibly first industrial food
 
  
:*'''7: Meat'''
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::*evidence from tapeworms (3 species) that go back 2-2.5 myaShared food chains between lions/antelope or hyena prey. evidence from cave art.  Not by meat alone, also evidence of grinding technology 32,000 ya for plant consumptionisotopic analysis of human bones shows food preferenceswoolly mammoth also good for housing material.
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===Lauden, Rachel, C1, "Mastering Grain Cookery"===
::*Timeline: 72K out of Africa, 40-50k diversity in diet (possibly food/pop dynamic)
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::*Ohalo II (current Israel): wheat, barley (bread cakes), fish, but also gazelle, grebes, ducks and geese, aurochs, pigs, and goatsBut by 12,000 ya evidence of large and small animals scare in arch record.  
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====General Claims and Inferences====
::*food/pop dynamic: live births 5.4 in hunt/gatherers9.7 with farming.  '''One of the main products of agriculture is humans.'''
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::*domestication stories:  modern chicken from red jungle fowl (cross bred with grey jungle fowl for yellow skin color), Asia[https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1GCEU_enUS829US830&q=rapa+nui+chicken+houses&tbm=isch&source=univ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix1LHXmNrgAhWIsZ4KHUzZDxEQsAR6BAgAEAE&biw=1680&bih=858 Chicken houses of Rapa Nui]
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:*This overview of "grain and root" cooking from 20,000 ya should expand your sense of human foods in several ways:
::*90: the remarkable navigational skills of the polynesians. what I learned today....   Sheep....  Cattle from Aurochs, but european cattle not descended from European aurochs.
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::*not just a binary of paleolithic/neolithic (preag/ag). Cooking grains goes back 20K.
::*disgression on "rewilding" - [https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/09/world/auroch-rewilding/index.html Modern Aurochs]
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::*long before bread, grain cookery produced cakes, porridges, pottages, ashcakes, flatbreads, pasta, etcMaize isn't just corn on the cob, but tortilla, polenta, etc.
::*Fertile Crescent animal domestication was from local stocks.   
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::*alot of grain in the ancient world went to beer production
::*Domestication syndrome --- less seasonal breeding, piebald coast, shorter muzzles, smaller teeth, smaller brains, curly tails, juvenile and docile behaviorDemonstrated by Russian wolf breeding experiment to be linked to selection for docility. Possible explanation in the "neural crest" - structure in embryodocile might also select for other characteristics of the neural crest.  still no certain theory.
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::*before markets, people still had to make calculations of labor calories for food caloriesLauden argues that root cuisines could not support cities (details at 31-32, also 35)Still, grains are also labor intensive.
 +
 
 +
:*'''Cooking, Cuisines, and Ancient Culinary philosophy'''
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::*Cooking - p. 11 --
 +
::*"Cuisine" is more than the foods themselves. A Cuisine represents a system of food production (food system, and cooking skills) that represent a life sustaining diet. But a culinary philosophy relates our cuisine to larger structures (43), :
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:::*a '''principle of hierarchy''' - nomad, peasant, poor town dweller, ....nobleMonarch's status connected to power to protect harvest. (Power to feed fed power.) moral theory of food values. 44.  
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:::*a '''sacrificial bargain''' - gets replaced by universal religions and personal salvation. like the transaction with monarch. includes human sacrifice.  blood never neutral in cuisineEither strong positive or negative.  
 +
:::*a '''theory of the culinary cosmos''' -- Fire thought to be a thing, not just kinetic energy. analogy of fire from sun in growth to fire in cooking.  also, heat in the belly. 
 +
::*"Culinary philosophy - relates us to divinity, society, and the natural world (2), also, new political and philosophical ideas affect cuisines (6) (ex. Buddhist cuisines) -- "Food situates us." 50 (story of Tuscan friend)
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 +
::*Group Discussion: Are there modern equivalents in our food culture for the categories of ancient culinary philosophy? Do we engage in hierarchical eating?  Have we made some other kind of bargain with the forces that we believe sustain our food security?  Do we have a culinary cosmos?
 +
 
 +
 
 +
====Reading Notes====
 +
 
 +
:*Introduction - core idea for the book from her Hawaii book.  Movements of food, technology, and technique get consolidated into cuisines that spread, often in connection with power and empire or nation state.  Wants to displace an older story in which high cuisine is an evolution from humble cuisine.
 +
 
 +
:*Hypothesizes 10 global cuisines, all based on roots and grains. 
 +
 
 +
:*1,000 bc - 50 million humans, cities no larger than 10,000.  Cooking already for up to 2 million years. 
 +
 
 +
:*Major change: technology to harvest food from hard seed of herbaceous plants (grains) Lake Kinneret site (Sea of Galilee) 19.4K ya. Only grain cultures were able to support cities.
 +
 
 +
:*Cuisines of the Yellow River (18), Yangzte River (19), and barley wheat cuisines of Turkey, Mediterranean.
 +
 
 +
:*24ff: the sacrificial feast. Note food hierarchies, 25.
 +
 
 +
:*Carribean and South American cassava and potato cuisines. Maize Cuisine of MesoamericaCorn 7,000 bc, by 3,000 maize extends into Ecuador.
 +
 
 +
:*high vs. humble cuisine.
 +
::*high cuisines heavy in meats, sweets, fats, and intoxicantshighly processed ingredients (whiter flour). luury foods, appetizers (70% of calories)
 +
::*humble cuisines - roots or grains with greens.  80-90% of population, 70-75% of calories from this.
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:::*humble eaters shorter, less energetic, and less clevermalnutrition in pregnancy is a horror for development....
 +
 
 +
:*town poor vs. country poor -- town poor often fared better. "The chicken is the country's but the city eats it".  Below the peasant was the nomad.

Revision as of 22:51, 28 February 2019

14: FEB 28

Assigned

  • Rachel Lauden, Cusine and Empire Introduction and Chapter 1, "Mastering Grain Cookery, 20,000 to 300 bce", p. 1-55


Lauden, Rachel, C1, "Mastering Grain Cookery"

General Claims and Inferences

  • This overview of "grain and root" cooking from 20,000 ya should expand your sense of human foods in several ways:
  • not just a binary of paleolithic/neolithic (preag/ag). Cooking grains goes back 20K.
  • long before bread, grain cookery produced cakes, porridges, pottages, ashcakes, flatbreads, pasta, etc. Maize isn't just corn on the cob, but tortilla, polenta, etc.
  • alot of grain in the ancient world went to beer production
  • before markets, people still had to make calculations of labor calories for food calories. Lauden argues that root cuisines could not support cities (details at 31-32, also 35). Still, grains are also labor intensive.
  • Cooking, Cuisines, and Ancient Culinary philosophy
  • Cooking - p. 11 --
  • "Cuisine" is more than the foods themselves. A Cuisine represents a system of food production (food system, and cooking skills) that represent a life sustaining diet. But a culinary philosophy relates our cuisine to larger structures (43), :
  • a principle of hierarchy - nomad, peasant, poor town dweller, ....noble. Monarch's status connected to power to protect harvest. (Power to feed fed power.) moral theory of food values. 44.
  • a sacrificial bargain - gets replaced by universal religions and personal salvation. like the transaction with monarch. includes human sacrifice. blood never neutral in cuisine. Either strong positive or negative.
  • a theory of the culinary cosmos -- Fire thought to be a thing, not just kinetic energy. analogy of fire from sun in growth to fire in cooking. also, heat in the belly.
  • "Culinary philosophy - relates us to divinity, society, and the natural world (2), also, new political and philosophical ideas affect cuisines (6) (ex. Buddhist cuisines) -- "Food situates us." 50 (story of Tuscan friend)
  • Group Discussion: Are there modern equivalents in our food culture for the categories of ancient culinary philosophy? Do we engage in hierarchical eating? Have we made some other kind of bargain with the forces that we believe sustain our food security? Do we have a culinary cosmos?


Reading Notes

  • Introduction - core idea for the book from her Hawaii book. Movements of food, technology, and technique get consolidated into cuisines that spread, often in connection with power and empire or nation state. Wants to displace an older story in which high cuisine is an evolution from humble cuisine.
  • Hypothesizes 10 global cuisines, all based on roots and grains.
  • 1,000 bc - 50 million humans, cities no larger than 10,000. Cooking already for up to 2 million years.
  • Major change: technology to harvest food from hard seed of herbaceous plants (grains) Lake Kinneret site (Sea of Galilee) 19.4K ya. Only grain cultures were able to support cities.
  • Cuisines of the Yellow River (18), Yangzte River (19), and barley wheat cuisines of Turkey, Mediterranean.
  • 24ff: the sacrificial feast. Note food hierarchies, 25.
  • Carribean and South American cassava and potato cuisines. Maize Cuisine of Mesoamerica. Corn 7,000 bc, by 3,000 maize extends into Ecuador.
  • high vs. humble cuisine.
  • high cuisines heavy in meats, sweets, fats, and intoxicants. highly processed ingredients (whiter flour). luury foods, appetizers (70% of calories)
  • humble cuisines - roots or grains with greens. 80-90% of population, 70-75% of calories from this.
  • humble eaters shorter, less energetic, and less clever. malnutrition in pregnancy is a horror for development....
  • town poor vs. country poor -- town poor often fared better. "The chicken is the country's but the city eats it". Below the peasant was the nomad.