Difference between revisions of "NOV 10"

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(Created page with "==21: NOV 10. Unit Five: Empathy== ===Assigned=== :*Robert Sapolsky, from ''Behave'', Chapter 14, "Feeling Someone's Pain, Understanding Someone's Pain, Alleviating Someone'...")
 
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==21: NOV 10. Unit Five: Empathy==
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==19: NOV 10==
  
 
===Assigned===
 
===Assigned===
  
:*Robert Sapolsky, from ''Behave'', Chapter 14, "Feeling Someone's Pain, Understanding Someone's Pain, Alleviating Someone's Pain." 521-535.
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:*Pali Cannon, “The Greater Discourse on the Foundations of Mindfulness” (16) (rec)
:*Hidden Brain, "[https://www.npr.org/2020/08/31/907943965/you-2-0-empathy-gym You 2.0: Empathy gym]" listen to at least 1/2 of the podcast for today and the other half for Thursday.
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:*Ricard, C6, “The Alchemy of Suffering” (20)
  
===Hidden Brain, Empathy===
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===Pali Canon, Greater Discourse on the Foundations of Mindfulness===
  
:*Segment 1: Artist's performance art installation.  Internet connected paint ball gun. Iraqi artist, lost his brother in air strike. Thinking about drone warfare, thinking about consequences of actions... ends at 5:22.
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*"Mindfulness is also the seventh factor of the Noble Eightfold Path. By developing mindfulness, a person first observes the various aspects of one's being,then learns to control the mind and its reactions to external and internal stimuli."  Mindfulness presumes a moral orientation on the world.   
:*Jamil Zaki, [https://www.richroll.com/ The War for Kindness].  Early 70s program for faculty, mom from Peru to WSU, married/divorced while Jamil was young, felt difference in parents' rules/values.  Credits that to empathy. Parent's divorce was an "empathy gym"
 
:*Benefits of empathy -- benefits both parties.  empathic doctor-patient relationships, empathic partners.  Giving empathy less depression, less stress, adolescents with emotional skill better adjusted in middle school. 
 
:*clip from Sesame street -- phone call from friend.  Three components:
 
::*1. emotional empathy
 
::*2. cognitive empathy
 
::*3. empathy concern and compassion. 13:00
 
::*autism spectrum disordersoften still have 1 but not 2
 
::*psychopathy often have 2 but not 1
 
  
:*Segment 2: Cultural instantiation of empathySarah Conrath - survey research using validated instrument.  Trend toward less empathy.  Alot since 2000. 
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*Basic goals of meditation: cultivation of awareness and "control" of sense and feeling(Control: quieting, not being at the mercy of psychological processes and processes of desire.)  How does meditation do that?  
::*Other variables: living alone.  hard to know about link there.  pretty speculative. We are more urban, solitary, and transactional.  These interactions don't favor empathy. Internet? Might be a source of empathy, early idealism of internet. But we might be using the Internet in negative empathy ways -- no faces (!), avatars, text. Research on dehumanizing opinions from text vs. voice. (Tapping into a long line of theory about urban life and dehumanization.) segment ends at 21:30
 
  
:*We'll stop here for today's class.  The rest on Thursday.
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:*Four foundations of mindfulness, five aggregates of attachment, six bases of sense, seven factors of enlightenment, four noble truths (51),
  
:*Segment 3: Costs and benefits of Empathy
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*Some Points:
::*Trauma and empathy.  Could go in different directions.  Hurt people hurt people.  But also "altruism born of suffering".  Addicts become addiction counselors...etc.  Research showing that showing American harsh video from 911 attacks increases willingness to torture.  Other research: more wary of outsiders. 
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:*Mindfulness not disconnection from environment, but intense connection, especially if one can control the mental processes that interrupt one's full experience.
::*But 911 was also unifying, eliciting empathy. 
+
:*Note use of lists and repetitioninventories.
::*Paul Bloom, Against Empathy - tribal empathy is bad, but Zaki -- oxcitociin studies do turn up parochialism. Zaki draws different conclusion. Believes that empathy is trainable.
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:*Note "joy and happiness born of detachment" 57
::*Sometimes we need to be less empathetic.  Research on police officers showing strong empathy even to officers in trouble. In group empathy (parochial empathy) might interfere with perception. High in-group empaths, even if empathic to outsiders, are not likely to allow threat to tribe29:23: Advice. What if we are over empathic to our group?
 
::*Professionals who need to use empathy (caring professions) might suffer from its expression. Defensive dehumanization -- blocking empathy for self-preservation.  Study table in busy student union, happy child/ suffering child.  unmanned/wheelchair.  But it backfired!  Maybe we (especially high empaths) avoid triggering our own empathetic response.  Study on whites reading about native Americans.  Led to negative judgement to dismiss guilt (cog. dissonance).  In obedience to authority studies, death row officers, more likely to lead avoidance or dehumanizing judgements.  ends at 36:00
 
  
::*Back to art installation.  Lamp destroyed by aggressive person. Person arrives with new lamp! Takes action (similar issue in Sapolsky). Zaki interprets both events. Others show up! Muffins, socks, online helpers.  Virtual human shields.  36 people keep the button down to prevent panning the gun. 
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:*Small Group Discussion  (please use the Google group form to report your work):
 +
::*Considering Buddhism primarily as a psychological theory of suffering and happiness, what are some of its keys insights according to its adherents? (3-4) How is mindfulness supposed to help us avoid suffering and promote joy? What are you most skeptical about in thinking of Buddhism as a happiness philosophy? Does your group worry, for example, that that egolessness Buddhism calls for might make it hard to be ambitious?
  
::*Project using virtual reality to have inside experience of homelessness.  Scenes of typical events in homeless experience.  Simulation increased empathy even 30 days later and more supportive of housing policies. 
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====Chapter Six: Alchemy of Suffering (Modern version of 4 noble truths)====
::*Acting and empathy.  Might pump empathy. Reading fiction. (Moth stories, story core, human interest stories on news.) 
 
::*Manchester U fans study: Levine: study involving rabid fans, Write about why they love Man U. Taken to another building, jogger confederate sometimes Man U, Liverpool, blank jersey.  More likely to pass over Liverpool jogger.  Second version: Why you love soccer.  Equal help.  Blank jersey left behind!
 
::*back to Zaki's childhood experience.  lesson to learn that very different people could have deep and authentic experience.  also, we can have different values because of our experiences, equally determinative in opposite directions.  "naive realism" false.
 
  
===Sapolsky, Behave, C 14, 521-535===
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:*Shortest history of the kingdom: "They Suffer"
  
:*starts with "exposure to an aversive state" -- we call it empathy, but what is that?
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:*Pervasive suffering -- from growth and development. “What’s won is done.”
::q1: When does empathy lead us to actually do something helpful?
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:*Suffering of Change -- from illusion of permanence.  “Moving targets”
::q2: When we do act, whose benefit is it for?
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:*Multiplicity of Suffering -- suffering from awareness of the many ways things can go wrong.  (An example of suffering due our big brain imaginations.)
 +
:*Hidden Suffering -- anxiousness about hidden dangers (same)
 +
::*Note connection to Gilbert: because we can "next" (imagine futures and alternate presents, design) we are open to these kinds of suffering.  Quite a bargain.
 +
:*Invisible Suffering -- as in the food industry, suffering of workers to bring you cheap socks.  A consequence of invisible suffering is that we repeat the behaviors that lead to it because we don't see it (also food examples. Suffering in your egg or burger.).  (Complicity in causing/perpetuating suffering. Moral causation.)
  
:*sympathy -- feeling sorry for someone's painBut could also convey distance or power diffpity.
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:*Suffering is ubiquitous, but we can learn the causesSuffering can be avoided "locally" (as entropy can be reversed locally)Note that Buddhism involves a consistent commitment to causation even as, over centuries, our understanding of it has changed.
:*empathy -- includes a cognitive step of understanding the cause of someone's pain and "taking perspective"
 
:*compassion -- S. suggests this involves empathy ''plus taking action''.
 
  
:*Emotionally contagious, compassionate animals.
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:*Sources of Suffering -- self-centeredness, our unhappiness is caused, 4 Noble Truths.
::*we are 'overimitative' - chimp / kids study524
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::*A Buddhist tetra pharmakos: Recognize suffering, Eliminate its source, End it, By Practicing the Path.  66
::*mouse studies -524- alterations of sensitivity to pain on seeing pain; fear association seeing another mouse exp fear conditioning.  Mouse depression ensues!  research suggesting mouse respond proportionally and to social group (cagemates).
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::*66: "One can suffer physically or mentally -- by feeling sad, for instance -- without losing the sense of fulfillment that is founded on inner peace and selflessness"
::*Consolation: lots of species engage in consolation, chimps show ''third party consolation'' behavior, no consolation behavior in monkeys -- prairie voles!
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::*Buddhist story of woman distraught over loss, sent by Buddha to gather dirt from all houses without loss.
::*526: rats, amazing rats -- US/them behaviors, some flexibilityreview the details.   
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::*Note 67: parallel story as in stoicism. Read, “Remaining….”
 +
::*brings in a dash of attachment theory 69-71.  '''Hurt people hurt people.'''
 +
::*Using suffering for spiritual growthExample of people experiencing near death(Mention research on cancer patients (survivors) and happiness.)
  
:*Emotionally contagious, compassionate children
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:*Methods for responding to suffering -- Control of sense and emotionMeditation. Use of mental imageryMindful self-observation and reflection(The training program.)
::*527: describes mechanism of empathy: early emo contagion in kids may not be linked to cognitive judgement as later, when Theory of Mind emerges.  Neural activity follows this progression.
 
::*Some neurobiology: the ACC - anterior cingulate cortex - processes interoceptive info, conflict monitoring, (presumably cog. dissonance). susceptible to placebo effectImportantly, ACC activates on social exclusion (Cyberball game), anxiety, disgust, embarrassment, but also pleasure, mutual pleasure.
 
::*ACC also involved in action circuitsOxytocin, hormone related to bonding.  Block it in voles and they don't console.  Awwww!
 
::*How does self-interested "alarm" system of the ACC get involved in empathy?  '''Sapolsky's hypothesis''' 530:  Feeling someone's pain can be more effective for learning than just knowing that they're in painEmpathy may also be a self-interested learning system, separately from helping action.
 
  
::*Cognitive side of things: How do we bring judgements about desert and character to bear on empathic responses?
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:*Some themes of a modern (scientifically oriented) Buddhist explication of the 4 Noble Truths:
:::*Cognition comes in with emotional pain, judgement abstractly represented pain (a sign), unfamiliar pain.  (Takes more cog resources to process others' emo pain.) Also with Thems. 533.   
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::*Causal attitude toward suffering at the psychological more than metaphysical level. 65, 67; use of neurology to understand pain and related phen.  73
:::*socioeconomics of empathy 534: wealth predicts lower empathythe wealthy take more candy!
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::*Positive aspects of suffering 71 -- suffering can be productive for spiritual dev.
:::*especially hard, cognitively, to empathize with people we don't like, because their pain actually stimulates a dopamine response!
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::*Mental imagery in ancient and modern Buddhist practice; use of meditation in management of tendencies of ego.  (Note to meditators.  Use visualization to re-center and avoid the dynamics of conscious thought suppression.)
 +
::*Use in stimulating positive and prosocial emotions: compassion, empathy. (stories of suffering endured with growth)
 +
 
 +
:*Note the emphasis on conscious use of methods that get at pre-conscious expression of emotion.  The emotions are the "scene" for progress, not just a matter of rational control of emotions. more of a training modelWhile the meditations and use of mental imagery might seem a little far out to some of you, recall that this is being proposed within a naturalistic (evolutionary and neurological) model.  He's making empirical predictions about how you can alter your responses to the conditions of your suffering.
 +
 
 +
===Small Group Assessment===
 +
 
 +
:*Buddhism makes the case that we cultivate wisdom and happiness by understanding and responding to suffering in a particular wayThe understanding of suffering involves appreciating the complex causal patterns that perpetuate in. Suffering also emerges from our ignorance of the illusory or impermanent character of the self and the egoThe remedy involves cultivating this awareness and reflecting it in our life and actions toward others (the eight fold path).   
 +
 
 +
:*This might lead you to a kind of dual standpoint, expressed in this popular Buddhist maxim: <font color="red">"Act always as if the future of the Universe depended on what you did, while laughing at yourself for thinking that whatever you do makes any difference."</font>For some of you, this is wisdom, for others, not so much.
 +
 
 +
:*In your small group discussion, consider the Buddhist analysis (maybe its modern reconstruction in terms of physics and psychology) of wisdom and happiness, as well as the "training program" it recommends, so far as you understand it.  What parts of the program, if any, resonate for you?

Revision as of 22:38, 10 November 2021

19: NOV 10

Assigned

  • Pali Cannon, “The Greater Discourse on the Foundations of Mindfulness” (16) (rec)
  • Ricard, C6, “The Alchemy of Suffering” (20)

Pali Canon, Greater Discourse on the Foundations of Mindfulness

  • "Mindfulness is also the seventh factor of the Noble Eightfold Path. By developing mindfulness, a person first observes the various aspects of one's being,then learns to control the mind and its reactions to external and internal stimuli." Mindfulness presumes a moral orientation on the world.
  • Basic goals of meditation: cultivation of awareness and "control" of sense and feeling. (Control: quieting, not being at the mercy of psychological processes and processes of desire.) How does meditation do that?
  • Four foundations of mindfulness, five aggregates of attachment, six bases of sense, seven factors of enlightenment, four noble truths (51),
  • Some Points:
  • Mindfulness not disconnection from environment, but intense connection, especially if one can control the mental processes that interrupt one's full experience.
  • Note use of lists and repetition. inventories.
  • Note "joy and happiness born of detachment" 57
  • Small Group Discussion (please use the Google group form to report your work):
  • Considering Buddhism primarily as a psychological theory of suffering and happiness, what are some of its keys insights according to its adherents? (3-4) How is mindfulness supposed to help us avoid suffering and promote joy? What are you most skeptical about in thinking of Buddhism as a happiness philosophy? Does your group worry, for example, that that egolessness Buddhism calls for might make it hard to be ambitious?

Chapter Six: Alchemy of Suffering (Modern version of 4 noble truths)

  • Shortest history of the kingdom: "They Suffer"
  • Pervasive suffering -- from growth and development. “What’s won is done.”
  • Suffering of Change -- from illusion of permanence. “Moving targets”
  • Multiplicity of Suffering -- suffering from awareness of the many ways things can go wrong. (An example of suffering due our big brain imaginations.)
  • Hidden Suffering -- anxiousness about hidden dangers (same)
  • Note connection to Gilbert: because we can "next" (imagine futures and alternate presents, design) we are open to these kinds of suffering. Quite a bargain.
  • Invisible Suffering -- as in the food industry, suffering of workers to bring you cheap socks. A consequence of invisible suffering is that we repeat the behaviors that lead to it because we don't see it (also food examples. Suffering in your egg or burger.). (Complicity in causing/perpetuating suffering. Moral causation.)
  • Suffering is ubiquitous, but we can learn the causes. Suffering can be avoided "locally" (as entropy can be reversed locally). Note that Buddhism involves a consistent commitment to causation even as, over centuries, our understanding of it has changed.
  • Sources of Suffering -- self-centeredness, our unhappiness is caused, 4 Noble Truths.
  • A Buddhist tetra pharmakos: Recognize suffering, Eliminate its source, End it, By Practicing the Path. 66
  • 66: "One can suffer physically or mentally -- by feeling sad, for instance -- without losing the sense of fulfillment that is founded on inner peace and selflessness"
  • Buddhist story of woman distraught over loss, sent by Buddha to gather dirt from all houses without loss.
  • Note 67: parallel story as in stoicism. Read, “Remaining….”
  • brings in a dash of attachment theory 69-71. Hurt people hurt people.
  • Using suffering for spiritual growth. Example of people experiencing near death. (Mention research on cancer patients (survivors) and happiness.)
  • Methods for responding to suffering -- Control of sense and emotion. Meditation. Use of mental imagery. Mindful self-observation and reflection. (The training program.)
  • Some themes of a modern (scientifically oriented) Buddhist explication of the 4 Noble Truths:
  • Causal attitude toward suffering at the psychological more than metaphysical level. 65, 67; use of neurology to understand pain and related phen. 73
  • Positive aspects of suffering 71 -- suffering can be productive for spiritual dev.
  • Mental imagery in ancient and modern Buddhist practice; use of meditation in management of tendencies of ego. (Note to meditators. Use visualization to re-center and avoid the dynamics of conscious thought suppression.)
  • Use in stimulating positive and prosocial emotions: compassion, empathy. (stories of suffering endured with growth)
  • Note the emphasis on conscious use of methods that get at pre-conscious expression of emotion. The emotions are the "scene" for progress, not just a matter of rational control of emotions. more of a training model. While the meditations and use of mental imagery might seem a little far out to some of you, recall that this is being proposed within a naturalistic (evolutionary and neurological) model. He's making empirical predictions about how you can alter your responses to the conditions of your suffering.

Small Group Assessment

  • Buddhism makes the case that we cultivate wisdom and happiness by understanding and responding to suffering in a particular way. The understanding of suffering involves appreciating the complex causal patterns that perpetuate in. Suffering also emerges from our ignorance of the illusory or impermanent character of the self and the ego. The remedy involves cultivating this awareness and reflecting it in our life and actions toward others (the eight fold path).
  • This might lead you to a kind of dual standpoint, expressed in this popular Buddhist maxim: "Act always as if the future of the Universe depended on what you did, while laughing at yourself for thinking that whatever you do makes any difference.". For some of you, this is wisdom, for others, not so much.
  • In your small group discussion, consider the Buddhist analysis (maybe its modern reconstruction in terms of physics and psychology) of wisdom and happiness, as well as the "training program" it recommends, so far as you understand it. What parts of the program, if any, resonate for you?