Difference between revisions of "FEB 8"

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==9: FEB 8==
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==7. FEB 8==
  
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===Assigned===
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===Assigned Work===
  
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:*Robert Sapolsky, C 13, "Morality" pp. 483-493
+
:*Nix, Stacy. Chapter 4: "Proteins" Williams' Basic Nutrition and Diet Therapy (pp. 47-63).
−
:*Haidt, Chapter 4, "Vote for Me (Here's Why)" (23)
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:*Fill out [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfIR4TuYZECqTbeC5M3ys5B2I1qN4kw3cIKbOB8EQj9OObCOA/viewform?usp=sf_link Proteins Worksheet] (Points)
  
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===Sapolsky. Behave. C 13, 483-493===
+
===In-class===
  
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:*'''Origins of Social/Moral Intuitions in Babies and Monkeys and Chimps'''
+
:*Energy density v. Nutrient density.   
−
::*More infant morality:
 
−
:::*weigh commission more than ommision - infants track commission better than ommission, as in adults.
 
−
:::*Prosociality - helper puppet studies, (watch previous YouTubes)
 
−
:::*Punishment - sweets go to helper puppets
 
−
:::*Tracks secondary punishment - secondary friends study - Babies prefer secondary puppets who were nice to nice puppets and punished bad puppets.
 
−
::*Capuchin monkey study (deWaal) - "monkey fairness". (demonstrated also with macaques monkeys, crows, ravens, and dogs), details on 485. google "crows solving puzzles" or "[https://youtu.be/CXcRw6Piaj8 elephants solving puzzles]" animals are much more intelligent than we have historically understood. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=meiU6TxysCg]  “Inequity aversion”
 
−
::*Chimp version of Ultimatum Game - in the deWaal version, chimps tend toward equity unless the proposer can give the token directly to the grape dispensers. 486
 
−
::*"other regarding preferences" (Does the animal show awareness of other's preferences?) in monkeys, but not in chimps! Keep this in mind the next time you are thinking about whether to cooperate with a chimp.
 
−
::*some evidence of "solidarity" in one inequity study the advantaged monkey (the one who gets grapes) stops working as well.
 
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::*Interesting comment: '''human morality transcends species boundary'''. starts before us.
 
  
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:*'''Exemptions for testifying against relatives and vmPFC patients who will trade relatives''' in Trolley situations.
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===Nix, "Proteins"===
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::*vmPFC damaged patient will sacrifice a relative to save four non-relatives. 
 
−
::*Interesting note about criminal law exemptions. 
 
  
−
:*'''Context: Neuroscience of the Trolley Problem and "Intuition discounting"'''
+
:*'''Nature of'''
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::*dlPFC (focused on reasoning) in lever condition and vmPFC (focused on emotional information processing) in bridge condition. Correlation of vmPFC activation with likelihood of not pushing the guy of the bridge.
 
−
::*Greene's hypothesis: not so much because it is "up close and personal" as we speculated, but in lever condition the killing of the one is a side-effect.  In bridge condition, its ''because'' of the killing. Different kinds of intentionality.  Ok for most people if you push someone out of the way on your way to the lever.  Not intentional killing.
 
−
::*Loop condition -- you know you have to kill the person on the side track, should be like bridge condition, but test subjects match lever condition, roughly. 
 
−
::*Hypothesis: '''Intuitions are local; heavily discounted for time and space.'''  (Think of other examples of this.)  Stories in which your reaction to something changes when you learn where it happens.
 
−
::*Related point about proximity - leave money around vs. cokes.  Cokes disappear. One step from money and the rationalization is easier. (Also in Ariely research)  Singer's pool scenario vs. sending money for absolute poverty relief. 
 
  
−
:*'''Small Group Discussion''' — Let’s pause here to consider this question: When should we resist “intuition discounting”?  In Singer’s pool example?  When the harm to the distant person is a “side effect”? How important is consistency (dlPFC) vs emotional distinctions (vmPFC)?  Cases:
+
::*20 amino acids, 9 essential; proteins are polypeptides -- chains of amino acids 100s of links long. Proteins exist in specific forms in foods (ex. casein is milk protein) and are broken down by us into amino acids and resembled as protein in metabolism.  
−
::*Addressing suffering in your own home town v. Far away
+
::*Classes of amino acids: indispensable (9), dispensable (5), and conditionally indispensable (6).
−
::*Not buying goods from a distant country because of their human rights abuses?
+
::*Conditionally dispensable: Example: If low on Mthionine(essential), then you need cysteine (cond. indis.) from diet.
−
::*Over-riding your vmPFC and pushing the big guy off the bridge?
+
::*About 16% nitrogen; protein is a primary source of nitrogen in diet. 
 +
::*Catabolism and Anabolism: Metabolic process of breaking down tissue and building it up.  
 +
::*Nitrogen Balance is shown when excretion of urinary nitrogen occurs as by product of protein metabolism (ratio of 1 g of urinary nitrogen to 6.25 g of protein).  Negative nitrogen balance can be a symptom of protein deficiency.  Kwashiorkor. 
 +
::*Tissue proteins, plasma proteins, and dietary protein.  You dietary protein is contributing to a much larger and complex protein manufacture and delivery service. 
  
−
::*Priming study on cheating involving bankers.  492 - shows "intuition discounting" when primed to think about work identity. more cheating the more primed about "role" - "It's not me"...
+
:*'''Functions of Protein Metabolism'''
  
−
:*'''But this circumstance is different...'''
+
::*Tissue growth/repair: largest component of tissue by dry weight. 75% of dry body weight.
−
::*Under stress subjects make more egoistic, rationalizing judgments regarding emoitonal moral dilemmas.
+
::*Water and pH balance; plasma proteins can exert osmotic pressure to help circulation of tissue fluids (I think this is the "interstitium", but I'm not completely sure).[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitium]  
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::*[this is not mentioned in the text, but it is what he is talking about: the '''Fundamental Attribution Error''' - neuro-evidence for the Fundamental Attribution Error [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_attribution_error]
+
::*Proteins can take up acids to contribute to blood Ph management.
−
::*we judge ourselves by internal motives and others by external actions.  Our failings/successes elicit shame/pride others elicit anger and indignation or emulation (envy?).  The FAE suggests that we explain our own failures more generously than the failures of others.  We offer ourselves excuses (inner lawyer) but are biased toward inferring bad intent from others.
+
::*Metabolism, transport, immune system, energy system.  Wide range of functions here.  We have already met "lipproteins" that help carry fats around.  Here you learn that enzymes, transport agents, and hormones also have protein structures.
 +
::*Proteins also help make white blood cells, so support your immune system.
  
−
===Haidt, Chapter 4, "Vote for Me (Here's Why)"===
+
:*'''Food Sources'''
 +
::*Complete proteins mostly from animal sources, including dairy, cheese.
 +
::*Soy is the only complete plant protein.
 +
::*Completing proteins, or, more current “protein scores”:  p. 52.  also compare links ceci beans [[http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/legumes-and-legume-products/4326/2]], lentils [https://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/legumes-and-legume-products/4338/2], peanut butter  [[http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/nut-and-seed-products/3142/2]].  Sirloin steak [https://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beef-products/7491/2]. Note how you can use the site to find complementary foods for foods with relatively low amino acid scores.
 +
::*Advice on vegetarian diets -  Mix grains and legumes, eat soy based foods like tofu if possible.  Note reference to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics document (in your links collection)  
 +
::*Old Advice for plant proteins: Balance for "complete proteins". New Advice: Choose a variety of plant proteins over days. Consider "protein score", which is typically a combination of a PDCAAS (Protein digestivility Correted Amino Acid Score) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Digestibility_Corrected_Amino_Acid_Score#:~:text=Using%20the%20PDCAAS%20method%2C%20the,possible%20score%20being%20a%201.0.] and an Amino acid score [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_score]   
 +
::*Note health benefits of vegetarian diet on p. 54. 
  
−
:*This chapter explores the second part of "Intuitions come first, reasoning second".  Point: We are intuitive creatures, but we are also strategic.
+
:*'''Digestion of Proteins'''
 +
::*Occurs in stomach and small intestines - unlike Carbs and Fats, which are not digested in stomach.
 +
::*Proteing enzymes have to be stored in inactive form (proenzymes or “precursors”) or they would break down body tisssue! 
  
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:*'''Introduction'''
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::*Overconsumption of protein by Americans, p. 59 Men at 181% of DRI, Women at 152%.
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::*Ring of Gyges - Glaucon got it right.  Reason is more about seeking justification that impartial truth.  Because of that, we might want to "Make sure that everyone's reputation is on the line all the time" (even the babies in the room are keeping track!)
 
−
::*Functionalism in psychology applied to morality - What does moral reasoning do for us?  Help us find truths or help us pursue ''socially strategic goals''. (Comments?)
 
−
::*Tetlock: accountability research
 
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:::*Exploratory vs. Confirmatory thought (we’re better at the latter)
 
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:::*Conditions promoting exploratory thought (def: evenhanded consideration of alt POVs)
 
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::::*1) knowing ahead of time that you'll be called to account; [so, transparency!  I might be a better professor if I know you can see all of my grading.]
 
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::::*2) not knowing what the audience thinks;
 
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::::*3) believing that the audience is well informed and interested in truth or accuracy.
 
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:::*Point: We will tend toward confirmatory thought (Hume - Reason a slave of the passions) unless our reputation is at stake (in which case we are more motivated to justify ourselves to others) or we take measures to reign in our tendencies.
 
  
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:*'''Section 1: Obsessed with polls'''
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:*'''Recommendations'''
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::*Leary's research on self-esteem importance- "sociometer" -- non-conscious level mostly.
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::*10-35% of calories from diet
 +
::*.8g / Kg of body weight.
 +
::*To meet essential amino acids, choose a variety of protein sources over days, not within a single meal. Do a ("personal protein tally" on your typical diet.)
 +
::*If necessary, check your "protein diet" with a blood test once in a while. [Prealbumin test [https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-a-prealbumin-test]
  
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:*'''Section 2: Confirmation bias and exploratory thought'''
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::*Reasons not to consume excess amounts of proteins:  
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::*Confirmation bias (def: tendency to seek and interp. evidence to confirm our view)
+
:::*Often associated with high fat dietary sources
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:::*Wasson again -- number series
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:::*Crowds out other food sources
−
:::*Deann Kuhn -- 80: We are horrible at theorizing (requiring exploratory thought)....
+
:::*Kidneys work harder to get rid of nitrogen. 
−
:::*David Perkins research on reason giving - IQ only predicts ability to generate "my-side" arguments.  Interesting criticism of education here!
+
:::*Further reading: [https://www.healthline.com/health/too-much-protein Risks of too much protein]
 +
::*Debates about protein quality and quantity for athletes.  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3905294/]
  
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:*'''Section 3: We're really good at finding rationalizations for things.'''
+
===Personal Protein Tally===
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::*More examples of people behaving as Glaucon would have predicted. 
 
−
:::*Members of parliament cheat on their privileges when they know there is no accountability.
 
−
:::*Plausible deniability - correct change study.  Only 20% speak up unless asked, then 60%.  (Examples from your experience?)
 
−
:::*Ariely, matrix-cheating research - ''Predictably Irrational''
 
  
−
:*'''Section 4: Can I believe it? vs. Must I believe it?'''
+
:*We've used a "profile" metaphor to talk about carbs and fats (profiles of complexity in carbs and fat saturation for fats), but with proteins, it makes sense to "tally" or add up your intake, while watching for protein quality.   
−
::*When we want to believe something we ask the first question, when we don't want to believe something, we ask the second question.
 
−
::*"Motivated reasoning" - 84ff.  Test subjects receiving low IQ score browse more articles against IQ tests.  Female coffee drinkers find more flaws in studies associating caffeine and breast cancer.  Test subjects interpret ambiguous character in direction that gives reward.   
 
  
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:*'''Section 5: Application to political beliefs: Partisan Brains'''
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:*Calculate your protein goal in grams.  150 lbs. = 68kg x .8 = 54grams RDI /day
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:::*Does self interest or group affiliation predict policy preferences?  Not so much self-interest.  We are groupish. (Interesting implications for democracies governed by political parties.)
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:*Go through your diet and look at the amounts of good protein in your day.  '''How hard is it to meet your goal?'''
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:::*Drew Westen's fMRI research on strongly partisan individuals. We feel threat to dissonant information (like hypocrisy or lying) about our preferred leader, but no threat, or even pleasure, at the problems for the opponent.  the partisan brain.  Difference in brain activation did not seem to be rational/cog (dlPFC).  bit of dopamine after threat passes. (Important point: cog/emo dissonance is painful! -except for good philosophers.)
+
{| class="wikitable"
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:::*Research suggests that ethicists are not more ethical than others. (89  Schwitzgebel)
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|-
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:::*Mercier and Sperber.  [https://www.dan.sperber.fr/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/MercierSperberWhydohumansreason.pdf Why Do Humans Reason?]
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! Food
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:::*Good thinking as an emergent property. individual neurons vs. networks.  analogy to social intelligence. 
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! Protein Value
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:::*Statement, 90, on H's view of political life in light of this way of theorizing. read and discuss. Analogy of neuron to brain.  Individual to group. Introduce term "social epistemology". '''What makes us smarter together?  What makes us stupider?'''
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|-
 +
| '''Breakfast'''
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| Egg/toast/butter
 +
| 11
 +
|-
 +
| '''Midmorning'''
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| Muffin
 +
| 6
 +
|-
 +
| '''Lunch'''
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| Ceci/fruit/yogurt
 +
| 14
 +
|-
 +
| Appetizers - cheese/crackers
 +
| 11
 +
|-
 +
| '''Dinner Options'''
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| Lentils & Rice
 +
| 12
 +
|-
 +
| Lentil Soup
 +
| 15
 +
|-
 +
| Black Beans & Rice
 +
| 23
 +
|-
 +
| Tuscan Bean Soup
 +
| 10
 +
|-
 +
| Pasta (125g)
 +
| 18
 +
|-
 +
| Tuna
 +
| 19
 +
|-
 +
| Salmon (8oz)
 +
| 45
 +
|-
 +
| Tofu (1/2 cup)
 +
| 10
 +
 
 +
|}

Revision as of 21:39, 8 February 2023

7. FEB 8

Assigned Work

  • Nix, Stacy. Chapter 4: "Proteins" Williams' Basic Nutrition and Diet Therapy (pp. 47-63).
  • Fill out Proteins Worksheet (Points)

In-class

  • Energy density v. Nutrient density.

Nix, "Proteins"

  • Nature of
  • 20 amino acids, 9 essential; proteins are polypeptides -- chains of amino acids 100s of links long. Proteins exist in specific forms in foods (ex. casein is milk protein) and are broken down by us into amino acids and resembled as protein in metabolism.
  • Classes of amino acids: indispensable (9), dispensable (5), and conditionally indispensable (6).
  • Conditionally dispensable: Example: If low on Mthionine(essential), then you need cysteine (cond. indis.) from diet.
  • About 16% nitrogen; protein is a primary source of nitrogen in diet.
  • Catabolism and Anabolism: Metabolic process of breaking down tissue and building it up.
  • Nitrogen Balance is shown when excretion of urinary nitrogen occurs as by product of protein metabolism (ratio of 1 g of urinary nitrogen to 6.25 g of protein). Negative nitrogen balance can be a symptom of protein deficiency. Kwashiorkor.
  • Tissue proteins, plasma proteins, and dietary protein. You dietary protein is contributing to a much larger and complex protein manufacture and delivery service.
  • Functions of Protein Metabolism
  • Tissue growth/repair: largest component of tissue by dry weight. 75% of dry body weight.
  • Water and pH balance; plasma proteins can exert osmotic pressure to help circulation of tissue fluids (I think this is the "interstitium", but I'm not completely sure).[1]
  • Proteins can take up acids to contribute to blood Ph management.
  • Metabolism, transport, immune system, energy system. Wide range of functions here. We have already met "lipproteins" that help carry fats around. Here you learn that enzymes, transport agents, and hormones also have protein structures.
  • Proteins also help make white blood cells, so support your immune system.
  • Food Sources
  • Complete proteins mostly from animal sources, including dairy, cheese.
  • Soy is the only complete plant protein.
  • Completing proteins, or, more current “protein scores”: p. 52. also compare links ceci beans [[2]], lentils [3], peanut butter [[4]]. Sirloin steak [5]. Note how you can use the site to find complementary foods for foods with relatively low amino acid scores.
  • Advice on vegetarian diets - Mix grains and legumes, eat soy based foods like tofu if possible. Note reference to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics document (in your links collection)
  • Old Advice for plant proteins: Balance for "complete proteins". New Advice: Choose a variety of plant proteins over days. Consider "protein score", which is typically a combination of a PDCAAS (Protein digestivility Correted Amino Acid Score) [6] and an Amino acid score [7]
  • Note health benefits of vegetarian diet on p. 54.
  • Digestion of Proteins
  • Occurs in stomach and small intestines - unlike Carbs and Fats, which are not digested in stomach.
  • Proteing enzymes have to be stored in inactive form (proenzymes or “precursors”) or they would break down body tisssue!
  • Overconsumption of protein by Americans, p. 59 Men at 181% of DRI, Women at 152%.
  • Recommendations
  • 10-35% of calories from diet
  • .8g / Kg of body weight.
  • To meet essential amino acids, choose a variety of protein sources over days, not within a single meal. Do a ("personal protein tally" on your typical diet.)
  • If necessary, check your "protein diet" with a blood test once in a while. [Prealbumin test [8]
  • Reasons not to consume excess amounts of proteins:
  • Often associated with high fat dietary sources
  • Crowds out other food sources
  • Kidneys work harder to get rid of nitrogen.
  • Further reading: Risks of too much protein
  • Debates about protein quality and quantity for athletes. [9]

Personal Protein Tally

  • We've used a "profile" metaphor to talk about carbs and fats (profiles of complexity in carbs and fat saturation for fats), but with proteins, it makes sense to "tally" or add up your intake, while watching for protein quality.
  • Calculate your protein goal in grams. 150 lbs. = 68kg x .8 = 54grams RDI /day
  • Go through your diet and look at the amounts of good protein in your day. How hard is it to meet your goal?
Food Protein Value
Breakfast
Egg/toast/butter 11
Midmorning
Muffin 6
Lunch
Ceci/fruit/yogurt 14
Appetizers - cheese/crackers 11
Dinner Options
Lentils & Rice 12
Lentil Soup 15
Black Beans & Rice 23
Tuscan Bean Soup 10
Pasta (125g) 18
Tuna 19
Salmon (8oz) 45
Tofu (1/2 cup) 10
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