Difference between revisions of "OCT 7"

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(Created page with "==12: OCT 7== ===Assigned=== :*Hibbing, Chapter 4: Drunken Flies and Salad Greens (96-117) (21) :*Sandel, C6 "The Case for Equality" Justice (141-151) (10) ===In-class cont...")
 
 
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==12: OCT 7==
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==11: OCT 7==
  
 
===Assigned===
 
===Assigned===
  
:*Hibbing, Chapter 4: Drunken Flies and Salad Greens (96-117) (21)
+
:*Wilson, Strangers to Ourselves, C9, “Looking Outward to Know ourselves” (20)
:*Sandel, C6 "The Case for Equality" Justice (141-151) (10)
+
:*Wilson, Strangers to Ourselves, C10, “Observing and Changing our Behavior” (18)
  
===In-class content===
 
  
:*'''The Paradox of Moral Experience'''
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===In-Class===
:*Philosophical Moral Theories: Justice
 
  
==='''Paradox of Moral Experience'''===
+
:*SW1 update
  
::*The Paradox of Moral Experience involves a conflict between two "standpoints" for seeing values.  1 and 2 below:
+
:*Wilson, Strangers to Ourselves, C9, “Looking Outward to Know ourselves” (20)
 +
:*Wilson, Strangers to Ourselves, C10, “Observing and Changing our Behavior” (18)
  
::*1. We '''experience our morality''' as beliefs we hold true. They are compelling to us in a way that leads us to expect others to find them compelling. We can be surprised or frustrated that others do not see our reasons as compelling.  From this standpoint, our moral truths feel necessary rather than contingent. 
+
===Wilson, Chapter 9, "Looking Outward to Know Ourselves"===
:::*Examples: "What's wrong with those (lib/con)s, don't they see X/Y?" "How can anyone think it's ok to act like that?"
 
  
::*2. But, when we '''study morality as a functional system''' that integrates people who see and interpret the world differently, it is less surprising that we often do not find each others' reasoning or choices compellingWe can also see how groups of people might develop "values cultures" that diverge on entire sets of values (or, "cooperative toolkits") while still solving some of the same underlying problems that all human societies faceFrom this standpoint, the functions of morality are universal, but the specific strategies that individuals and cultures take seem very contingent. But, knowing this, why don’t we experience our own values as contingent?
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:*Using 3rd person information to gain self-knowledge. 
:::*Examples: Sociocentric / Individualist cultures, Specific histories that groups experience (Us vs. Europe vs. ...)
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::*Research as one type of 3rd person information.  (Important caveat about averages.)
::*Roughly, 1 is normal experience, when you are "in your head"2 reflects an attempt, through knowledge, to get a "third person" experience, to "get out of your head".
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:::*Research on ineffectiveness of subliminal ads could correct our mistaken choice for regular adsPriming effects occur in the lab, but hard to measure in real life. (Other examples: we routinely talk about being “triggered”. Muting ads.)  
::*Likely evolutionary basis: Belief commitment (believing that our beliefs are true) is advantageous, but we also need to be open to belief revision through social encounters.
+
:::*Implicit Bias test 188  92-3: really gets into the question of how to explain resultswhat's the construct?  Real life implications: white police reacting from their constructs of African-Americans. Point: We have a model for changing our introspective reports.  Not sufficient to base them on conscious awareness alone.
  
:*Some implications:
+
::*Using information from others to modify our "self-theory:
::*We have a bias against seeing others' moral beliefs as functional. Rather, we see them as caused, and often wrongheaded. (Italians are more sociocentric because their culture makes them that wayRather than, sociocentric culture function to solve basic problems, just like individualistic ones.)
+
:::*Mike's shyness. (Catching lag times in updating our “self-theory”.)
::*Different moral "matrices" are connected to our personality and identityAreguing for the truth of your moral orientation (as opposed to focusing on issues) can be like telling someone they shouldn't be the people they are. (!)
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:::*Cooley: "reflected appraisal" and "looking glass self" p. 195
 +
::*How well do we see what others think about us? (Research looking for discrepancies between our view of how others see us and how others see us.)
 +
:::*Airforce recruits study: .2 correlation.   
 +
::*Should we try to see what other think about us?  Sometimes…
 +
:::*positive illusions
 +
:::*Einstein example: inauspicious beginnings(Sometimes a discrepant view of ourselves can be motivating.)
 +
:::*Catherine Dirks, student with too low a view of her abilities. 201
  
===Philosophical Moral Theories: Justice as Fairness===
+
:*For discussion: How do you balance external appraisal with the need to be committed to a self-theory that might usefully include positive illusions?
  
:*You might immediately think of Justice in terms of "public justice," especially courts and criminals and cases.  Or you might think of big social questions about justice, like economic justice.  But we also talk about justice on the personal level. 
+
===Wilson, Timothy, Chapter 10, "Observing and Changing Our Behavior"===
  
:*We already have an political / ethical theory, Libertarianism, that has a view of Justice. Now we add a contrasting theory, Rawls' theory of "justice as fairness".  We'll briefly review the account in Sandel, 140-141, but I will also asking you to watch a couple of videos on Rawls for next class.
+
:*205: People can sometimes infer their internal states just as an outside observer would" 
 +
::*Note how we "bifurcate" our consciousness at will.  "There you go again..."
 +
::*Bem's self-perception theory: '''If you practice inferring your own internal states from your behavior you might get the sort of insight that you have into other people's internal states.''' 
 +
:*Tension between self-revelation and self-fabrication  (Example of Sarah accepting a date with Peter, whom she didn’t like at first meeting.)
 +
::*Fundamental attribution error, we tend to think of our own behaviors as driven by situational factors whereas we attribute other's behaviors to their character and motivations. (Also an example of using psych research to know ourselves.
 +
::*But, under strong situational influence (if you are paid a lot to do something you love, you might eventually lose you sense of internal motivation -- passions become "just a job").  Point: situational influences can lead us to missattribute our internal motivations(Lower faculty salaries and you will find out who really “loves” their work.)
 +
::*Ultimately, observing yourself as a third party might be difficult if your "adaptive unconscious" is already "cooking the books" (makes judgements and attributions of behavior).
 +
::*General problem: misattribution of internal states (motivations and beliefs) due to situational cues or influences.  Schaffer and Wheeler study on movie goers, some get adrenaline, some don’t, first group misattributes their movie experience.
  
:*Today we will focus on fairness in private contracts (Rawls' gives us a "social contract" view in our next class.)
+
:*How do we work on our non-conscious biases and attributes.  Normally, we think of change starting with reflection.  But there’s another strategy: Doing good in order to be good. (211). Aristotle: you become just by doing justice. 
 +
:*James quote 212: point: Keeping your best self-description in mind and acting on it. 
 +
:*Related slogans: Fake it till you make it.  [Sometimes you have to treat yourself like a dog!  (explain)].  Self-improvement is sometimes about changing '''both''' conscious narratives and unconscious states.  Example of extroversion / introversion at parties.  213. Feedback loop between behavior and self-concept.
 +
:*Example (more developed in new book, ''Redirect'' of two strategies for addressing teen pregnancy.  A teen volunteer program that works indirectly on teens by involving them in meaningful volunteering.  Turns out to promote wise behaviors better than other interventions that involved getting at risk teens together to talk about their feelings.
  
:*Initial test of fairness in both individual and social contracts: Fairness might exist if there is an abstract willingness to accept the outcome from either party's perspective.  This is usually thought of as assessing claims and interests and balancing them between or among parties involved.
+
:*Ends with discussion of the role of “truth” in narrative approaches to the self.
 
 
===Sandel, M C6 "The Case for Equality"===
 
 
 
:*'''Note: We are only covering up to p. 151 today.'''
 
 
 
:*Nature of a contract: You think it is all in the words said or writting, but no!  Contracts have to be "constructed" in light of background understandings of fairnes and relationship and foreseeable and unforeseeable circumstances.
 
 
 
::*Fairness of contract may dep. on circumstances of execution: '''The Lobster Cases'''
 
:::*1st case: You order, eat, but refuse to pay for the lobsters. Obligation to repay benefit.
 
:::*2nd case: Lobsters arrive and you decline delivery. Can you get out of the contract because you didn't benefit? Obligation based on "reliance", I made the effort to get the lobsters relying on your word. Unjust to pull out.
 
:::*3rd case: You order lobsters and then cancel the order 5 minutes later.  Can the lobster person say "deal is a deal"?  Debatable:
 
 
 
::*Two main concepts underlying contracts:
 
:::*autonomy -- respecting the rationality of the parties to the contract, including reasonable expectations and reliance.
 
:::*reciprocity of benefits and obligations
 
 
 
:*Seeing Autonomy and Reciprocity in examples of fair/unfair contracts
 
::*'''Baseball card''' trade among diff aged siblings (undermines autonomy - taking adv of know/maturity diff)
 
::*'''Leaky toilet case''' contractor fraud in the leaky toilet case (undermines autonomy - old people lose touch. Can't take advantage.) Can you hear Kant cheering in the background?
 
::*'''Hume's home repairs case''' -- no consent but still obligation. (Imagine a local example at a group house.)
 
::*'''Sam's Mobile Repair Van''' -- read 148 -- did the question, "What are the odds you can fix it?" create "reliance" and obligation.  Was the clock running? What if he fixed the car?  Would benefit alone confer obligation.  Take away: make things very clear, especially if you have limited funds! 
 
::*'''Squeegee men'''-- potential for benefit to be imposed coercively
 
 
 
:*Point: Contract should be fundamentally fair and guarantee autonomy and reciprocity.
 
 
 
:*p. 151: Stop here for 10/7.
 
 
 
:*Two main principles
 
::*equal basic liberties for all
 
::*differences in social and economic equality must work to advantage of the least well off.
 
 
 
:*Justifying the Difference Principle
 
::*Why not be libertarian about it?
 
::*Concept of morally arbitrary criteria for distributing benefits of labor: birth, class, somewhat taken care of with equality of education and opportunity, but starting points are still different.
 
::*Even if you could solve that problem, you would still have the problem of relying on the moral arbitrariness of natural talent -- a "natural lottery"
 
::*Even if you could solve that problem, you'd have the arbitrariness of what the society values (try being a basketball player in the middle ages.
 
::*Rawls thinks he's found a form of egalitarianism that mediates between morally arbitrary distributions and overburdening the most talented members of the society. 
 
 
 
:*Objections
 
::*diminished incentives
 
::*rewarding effort
 
 
 
:*In the end, Rawls view of justice does not involve rewards based on moral desert.  odd result. In trying to avoid morally arbitrary features, he arrives at something like "respect for persons as fairness" as the morally relevant feature.
 
 
 
===Hibbing, Chapter 4: Drunken Flies and Salad Greens===
 
 
 
:*'''History of research''' on finding personality traits that predict politcs:  First, are authoritarian orientations identifiable as personality traits? 
 
 
 
:*Nazi research - Erich Jaensch J and S type personalities; background of trying to understand WW2 atrocities; hypothesis of authoritarian personality Theordor Adorno, note quote at p. 100. F-scale for Fascism. No validity, but interesting for using non-political questions. Han Eysenck's work on "tenderminded/toughminded"; 1960's Glenn Wilson.  conservatism as resistance to change and adherence to tradition.  "C-scale"
 
 
 
::*70's and 80s research on RWA - right wing authoritarianism.  measure of submission to authority, willingness to restrict freedoms, harsh punishment, heightened hostility to out-groups.  Sound familiar?  Proud Boys, Oathkeepers
 
 
 
::*But, note: Hibbing et al assessment: 102: criticisms persist in effort to find an "authoritarian personality".  But claim, "there is a deep psychology underlying politics"
 
 
 
:*103: Personality Theory research: Big Five model:
 
::*openness to experience, ** p. 104
 
::*conscientiousness, ** p. 105
 
::*extroversion,
 
::*agreeableness,
 
::*neuroticism. 
 
 
 
::*Two of these (**) are relevant to political orientation.  Conscientiousness connected to research on "cognitive closure"
 
 
 
:*"What Foundation is Your Morality Built?"  105ff: review of Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory  (We will get to this next week from Haidt).  Note that strong theories have overlapping evidence from many different fields!
 
 
 
:*108ff: Values theory of Shalom Schwartz.  diagram at 109.  10 core values on axis of individual vs. collective welfare and group loyalty versus ind. pleasure.  Diagram also looks like an ideological spectrum.
 
 
 
:*Why are political orientations connected to so many other preferences? 
 
::*Theory 1. Politics drives other preferences.  Hibbing et. al. skeptical of this. 
 
::*Theory 2. Broad orientations drive politics and preferences. 
 
::*Theory 3. Differences come from differences on bedrock social dilemma and mesh with other choices. 
 
 
 
:*PTC polymorphism (sensitivity to bitterness) linked to conservatism.  Preliminary research from them suggesting that sensitivity to "androstenone" is correlated with acceptance of social hierarchies.
 

Latest revision as of 16:19, 7 October 2024

11: OCT 7

Assigned

  • Wilson, Strangers to Ourselves, C9, “Looking Outward to Know ourselves” (20)
  • Wilson, Strangers to Ourselves, C10, “Observing and Changing our Behavior” (18)


In-Class

  • SW1 update
  • Wilson, Strangers to Ourselves, C9, “Looking Outward to Know ourselves” (20)
  • Wilson, Strangers to Ourselves, C10, “Observing and Changing our Behavior” (18)

Wilson, Chapter 9, "Looking Outward to Know Ourselves"

  • Using 3rd person information to gain self-knowledge.
  • Research as one type of 3rd person information. (Important caveat about averages.)
  • Research on ineffectiveness of subliminal ads could correct our mistaken choice for regular ads. Priming effects occur in the lab, but hard to measure in real life. (Other examples: we routinely talk about being “triggered”. Muting ads.)
  • Implicit Bias test 188 92-3: really gets into the question of how to explain results. what's the construct? Real life implications: white police reacting from their constructs of African-Americans. Point: We have a model for changing our introspective reports. Not sufficient to base them on conscious awareness alone.
  • Using information from others to modify our "self-theory:
  • Mike's shyness. (Catching lag times in updating our “self-theory”.)
  • Cooley: "reflected appraisal" and "looking glass self" p. 195
  • How well do we see what others think about us? (Research looking for discrepancies between our view of how others see us and how others see us.)
  • Airforce recruits study: .2 correlation.
  • Should we try to see what other think about us? Sometimes…
  • positive illusions
  • Einstein example: inauspicious beginnings. (Sometimes a discrepant view of ourselves can be motivating.)
  • Catherine Dirks, student with too low a view of her abilities. 201
  • For discussion: How do you balance external appraisal with the need to be committed to a self-theory that might usefully include positive illusions?

Wilson, Timothy, Chapter 10, "Observing and Changing Our Behavior"

  • 205: People can sometimes infer their internal states just as an outside observer would"
  • Note how we "bifurcate" our consciousness at will. "There you go again..."
  • Bem's self-perception theory: If you practice inferring your own internal states from your behavior you might get the sort of insight that you have into other people's internal states.
  • Tension between self-revelation and self-fabrication (Example of Sarah accepting a date with Peter, whom she didn’t like at first meeting.)
  • Fundamental attribution error, we tend to think of our own behaviors as driven by situational factors whereas we attribute other's behaviors to their character and motivations. (Also an example of using psych research to know ourselves.)
  • But, under strong situational influence (if you are paid a lot to do something you love, you might eventually lose you sense of internal motivation -- passions become "just a job"). Point: situational influences can lead us to missattribute our internal motivations. (Lower faculty salaries and you will find out who really “loves” their work.)
  • Ultimately, observing yourself as a third party might be difficult if your "adaptive unconscious" is already "cooking the books" (makes judgements and attributions of behavior).
  • General problem: misattribution of internal states (motivations and beliefs) due to situational cues or influences. Schaffer and Wheeler study on movie goers, some get adrenaline, some don’t, first group misattributes their movie experience.
  • How do we work on our non-conscious biases and attributes. Normally, we think of change starting with reflection. But there’s another strategy: Doing good in order to be good. (211). Aristotle: you become just by doing justice.
  • James quote 212: point: Keeping your best self-description in mind and acting on it.
  • Related slogans: Fake it till you make it. [Sometimes you have to treat yourself like a dog! (explain)]. Self-improvement is sometimes about changing both conscious narratives and unconscious states. Example of extroversion / introversion at parties. 213. Feedback loop between behavior and self-concept.
  • Example (more developed in new book, Redirect of two strategies for addressing teen pregnancy. A teen volunteer program that works indirectly on teens by involving them in meaningful volunteering. Turns out to promote wise behaviors better than other interventions that involved getting at risk teens together to talk about their feelings.
  • Ends with discussion of the role of “truth” in narrative approaches to the self.