Difference between revisions of "MAR 4"

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==13. MAR 4: Unit Three: Dietary Change==
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==15: MAR 4 ==
  
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===Assigned===
  
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===Assigned Work===
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:*Haidt C6 – “Taste Buds of the Righteous Mind” – (123-127; 4) – moral foundations theory
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:*Haidt C7 – “The Moral Foundations of Politics” – (128-153; 25) – moral foundations theory
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:*Kessler, The End of Overeating, Chs 1-3  (p. 3-17) (14)
 
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:*Shepard, Gordon, C21 and C27 "Flavor and Obesity" (184-192; 8)
 
  
 
===In-Class===
 
===In-Class===
  
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:*Review of resources for SW2: Assessing Industrial Food Systems
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:*Haidt's Moral Foundations Questionaire (MFQ) research for Moral Foundations Theory (MFT)
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:*Argumentative and Rhetorical Strategies for Engaging Political Difference
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===Shepard, C21===
 
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:C21: Flavor and Obesity
 
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:*considers the case of french fries in relation to the flavor perception system.  Salt, fat, and sweetness (SFS).  Discusses the meat flavor from tallow, now artificially added.  Adds in the rest of the typical fast food meal.  Chased with coffee and a cookie.  Coffee has over 600 volatile molecules.  Point: the fast food meal involves '''sensory overload'''.
 
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:*Overeating:
 
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::*sensory overload;
 
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::*caloric density; reduced roughage. 
 
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::*But also “Sensory-specific satiety” .  Single flavors diminish appetite while multiple flavors amplify it.  You can eat more food if it includes multiple flavors.  The complexity of industrial flavors increases our ability to overconsume them.  187
 
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::*long-term overstimulation of skin and membranes of the lips and mouth.  Interesting research shows obese test subjects have more activation of these areas even while not eating.  [this supports the idea of a learned behavior from food conditioning]
 
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::*Conditioned overeating:  Other research by Dana Small.  You can induce extra eating in rats with conditioned stimuli (bell).  Humans have wide field of potential conditioning stimuli.
 
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::*Other research suggests that ineffective inhibitory circuits play a role in obesity. 
 
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::*Others speculate that the reward value of food for obese is too low.  The brain doesn’t register enough pleasure from a normal diet. 
 
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::*Kessler: combination of SFS culprit (note that in Kessler’s theory several of the above theories are included.)
 
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===Kessler, The End of Overeating, Chs 1-7  (3-45; 42)===
 
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[Kessler's basic argument:
 
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:*Explaining overweight and obesity:
 
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::*Highly palatable foods (high in SFS, little chewing, slurpable...) can overwhelm our homeostatic system, which would otherwise maintain consumption levels that sustain normal weight.
 
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::*This leads to overconsumption. 
 
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::*The Food industry understands this and uses food science to created and market highly palatable foods.
 
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::*C: This provides a good explanation for overweight and obesity in the US.]
 
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:*Some comments about approaching "unhealthy eating patterns" (expand list), some [https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/overweight-obesity baseline data], and Kessler's basic theory. 
 
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C1
 
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:*obesity trend of the 1980s.  by late 80s 1/3 of pop bt. 20 and 74 overweight.  (2017: 42.4% obese (note: not just overweight).  J
 
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:*Historic comparisons:  1960-2000, average weight of women in their 20s goes from 128 to 157.  Also other deciles.  Data also revealed that some people were gaining a lot more than the average.  In other words, the distribution was changing.  Overweight people became disproportionately overweight.  More outliers.
 
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C2
 
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:*obesity is the result of eating too much food.  Confusing to separate metabolism, etc.  People underreport consumption. Studies to support claims.  P.8  [Note some criticisms here: microbiome effects.  Others argue that metabolic changes do occur to make significant weight reduction difficult.]
 
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:*Homeostasis:  tendency of body systems to maintain bodily states within a particular range of variation.  Communication occurs throughout the body to this end.  But homeostasis can’t explain weight gain. Homeostasic system can be overwhelmed by the “reward system”.  Anticipations of reward motivate exertion. 
 
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:*Some animal studies show direct stimulation of reward seeking behavior.  Stimulate the far-lateral hypothalamus” and animals overeat.  Even to cross electrified floor.  [Note basic explanation here.]
 
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:*Can some kinds of food stimulate us to keep eating?
 
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C3
 
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:*Palatability - def.  a food with an agreeable taste, but in food science - a food that motivates more consumption. 
 
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:*Palatable foods engage sugar, salt, and fat, but also sensory cues.  Research (13) on combined effects of sugar and fat (Drewnowski).  Underlies many palatable features of food.  Combinations of fat and sugar chosen over other mixes.  Can make food hyperpalatable.  [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/11/191105104436.htm Example] of "hyper-palatability" in industry and as a research concept in food science.
 
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:*15: Research (rat study) showing that consumption of SFS optimized foods increases further consumption.  Both obesity prone and obesity resistant rats over ate high SF foods. 
 
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:*Sclafani research.  Neat fruit-loop lab detail.  Just chillin' with his rats.:  feeding rats a supermarket sample of palatable food makes them obese. 
 
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:*Some palatability research not in the reading:
 
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::*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5332909/ Can the Palatability of Healthy, Satiety-Promoting Foods Increase with Repeated Exposure during Weight Loss?]
 
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::*
 
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C4
 
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:*Food industry experts corroborate Kessler’s point about SFS foods and overeating.  It’s their strategy. 
 
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:*”'''Layering'''” SFS: examples of foods that layer S F and S.  (Gordy's lemon chicken, much like p. 20 "Chicken Pot Stickers").  List: White Chocolate Mocha Frapp, Bloomin’ Onions, Salads with high SFS dressings (“fat with a little lettuce”). [Remember, restaurants don’t have to provide nutritional information.]
 
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C5
 
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:*Critical of “set point theory” more interested in version he calls “'''settling point'''” theory.  A kind of equilibrium between appetite (which both a drive to eat and capacity to be satisfied and expenditure - physical work and body that burns calories effectively.  Constant access to highly palatable foods drives up '''settling point'''.    (Kind of acknowledges that there is wide variation in the hold (capture) of high SFS foods. 
 
  
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:*p. 25: Discussion with other people who find weight control challenging.  note descriptions.  Sight of favorite SFS foods causes salivation and tingling sensations.  Important qualification: Food cravings are not unique to overweight people. 
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===Haidt, Chapter 6, "Taste Buds of the Righteous Mind"===
  
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C6
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:*123: Moral Foundations Theory (MFT)
  
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:*More theory: '''Reinforcing foods'''
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:*Modularity in evolutionary psychology, centers of focus, like perceptual vs. language systems.  Sperber and Hirshfield: "snake detector" - note on deception/detection in biology/nature. responses to red, Hyperactive agency detection.   
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::*Rewarding foods are reinforcing.  Reinforcing measured by willingness to work for substance and whether other stimuli can become associated with it.  (Shepard’s account helps show how this works.)
 
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:*SFS Foods can be an effective reward even in the absence of hunger. Animal studies to show this.  Research: rats will press levers to get SFS foods. A lot. P. 30.  Confirms the idea that combinations of fat and sugar increase willingness to work for reward. Approaches reward structure of cocaine.
 
  
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:*“'''Conditioned place paradigm'''”. — tendency to prefer the location in which a reward was experienced. Party food at sport viewing events, for example.  Rat study involving more and less preferred spaces.  High SFS foods can override location preference. 
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:*See chart, from shared folder: '''C F L A S''': Care/Harm, Fairness/Cheating, Loyalty/Betrayal, Authority/Subversion, Sanctity/Degradation
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::*Work through chart.  Note how the "adaptive challenges" are some of the things we have been reading research on.
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:*Original vs. current triggers, 123 Reason/Intuition  
  
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:*Other influences:  portion, concentration of rewarding ingredients, variety.   
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:*'''Small group discussion''':  Try to find examples from everyday life of events do or would trigger each of these foundations.  Consider either real cases of people you know and the things they say or examples from general knowledge, or even hypothetical examples.  For example:
  
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C7
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::*You and your friends all worry about COVID cases, but some more than others. Might be observing the Care/Harm trigger, or Sanctity/Degradation.
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::*You see a parent speaking very harshly to their toddler in a store.  The toddler is crying their eyes out.
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::*You and your friends all occasionally enjoy risqué humor, but you are uncomfortable listening to people talk about intimate things like sex casually.  Maybe you have a different sanctity trigger.
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::*You hear someone talk uncharitably about someone who sees them as a good friend.  You are triggered for disloyalty.
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::*You and a co-worker agree that your boss is a bit full of himself.  You find yourself pushing back, but your co-worker just ignores his boorish behavior.  You have different triggers for authority and subversion.
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::*You like Tucker Carlson, but then you see that one of his pro-Putin shows is being run on Russian TV along with Trump’s and Pompeo’s praise for the warmongering dictator. It feels like betrayal.
  
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:*Neural account of high SFS / palatable foods. Neuron encodes when it fires more often from a stimuli.  Complex patterns can be encoded from food experience. 
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:*Focus on both ways that we are all triggered and ways that we are differentially triggered.
  
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:* Taste is predominant.  “'''Orosensory self-stimulation'''”.  Opioid circuitry stimulated by food.  P. 37: mechanisms of the reward system.  Imp of nucleus accumbens - a neural structure that governs reward. 
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===Haidt, Chapter 7, "The Moral Foundations of Politics"===
  
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:*Claims there is a mutually reinforcing effect between highly palatable foods and opioid circuits. Explains how emotional eating can reduce the pain associated with stress and depression.   
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:*Homo economicus vs. Homo sapiens -- column a b -- shows costs of sapiens psych. commitments "taste buds"
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:*Note on Innateness and Determinism: "first draft" metaphor; experience revises - pre-wired not hard-wired. innate without being universal.  (Note this is the same anti-determinism disclaimer we got from Hibbing & Co.)
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:*Notes on each foundation:
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::*'''Care/Harm''' -- evolutionary story of asymmetry between m/f interests/strategies in reproduction, attachment theory (read def). current triggers.  Baby Max and stuffed animals -- triggers. 
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:::*Implicit theory about "re-triggering" note red flag.  unexplained. Consider plausibility. 
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::*'''Fairness/Cheating''' -- We know we incur obligation when accepting favors. So,... Trivers and reciprocal altruism.  "tit for tat" ; equality vs. proportionality.  Original and current problem is to build coalitions (social networks) without being suckered (exploited).  Focus on your experience of cooperation, trust, and defection (which could just be declining cooperation).  Public goods game research also fits here. Libs think of fairness more in terms of equality, conservatives more about proportionality.
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::*'''Loyalty/Betrayal''' -- Tribalism in story of Eagles/Rattlers.  liberals experience low emphasis here; note claim that this is gendered 139.  sports groupishness is a current trigger.  connected to capacity for violence.  Liberals can come across as disloyal when they think they are just being critical.  Note current culture conflicts over confederate symbols and statues fits here.
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::*'''Authority/Subversion''' -- Cab driver story.  Hierarchy in animal and human society; liberals experience this differently also; note cultural work accomplished by the "control role" -- suppression of violence that would occur without hierarchy.  Alan Fiske's work on "Authority Ranking" -- suggest legit recognition of difference and, importantly, not just submission.  Authority relationships are a two way street (maybe esp for conservs?).  Tendency to see UN and international agreements as vote dilution, loss of sov.  (Digressive topic: Should we mark authority relationships more?)
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::*'''Sanctity/Degradation''' -- Miewes-Brandes horror. Ev.story: omnivores challenge is to spot foul food and disease (pathogens, parasites).  (Being an omnivore is messy. One should not be surprised to find that vegetarians often appreciate the cleanliness of their diet.) Omnivores dilemma -- benefit from being able to eat wide range of foods, but need to distinguish risky from safe.  neophilia and neophobia.  Images of chastity in religion and public debate.  understanding culture wars.  The ability to “sanctify” something (bodies, environment, principles) is an important current trigger.
  
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:* Some evidence (Wooley p. 38) that highly palatable foods interfere with or override '''taste specific satiety''' tendency to get sated by a single taste. SFS combinations can override taste specific satiety.  Stimulation of the opioid circuits in animals overrode boredom with single taste.
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:*Some examples from current political bumper stickers. [https://www.cafepress.com/+political+bumper-stickers]

Latest revision as of 20:06, 4 March 2025

15: MAR 4

Assigned

  • Haidt C6 – “Taste Buds of the Righteous Mind” – (123-127; 4) – moral foundations theory
  • Haidt C7 – “The Moral Foundations of Politics” – (128-153; 25) – moral foundations theory

In-Class

  • Haidt's Moral Foundations Questionaire (MFQ) research for Moral Foundations Theory (MFT)
  • Argumentative and Rhetorical Strategies for Engaging Political Difference

Haidt, Chapter 6, "Taste Buds of the Righteous Mind"

  • 123: Moral Foundations Theory (MFT)
  • Modularity in evolutionary psychology, centers of focus, like perceptual vs. language systems. Sperber and Hirshfield: "snake detector" - note on deception/detection in biology/nature. responses to red, Hyperactive agency detection.
  • See chart, from shared folder: C F L A S: Care/Harm, Fairness/Cheating, Loyalty/Betrayal, Authority/Subversion, Sanctity/Degradation
  • Work through chart. Note how the "adaptive challenges" are some of the things we have been reading research on.
  • Original vs. current triggers, 123 Reason/Intuition
  • Small group discussion: Try to find examples from everyday life of events do or would trigger each of these foundations. Consider either real cases of people you know and the things they say or examples from general knowledge, or even hypothetical examples. For example:
  • You and your friends all worry about COVID cases, but some more than others. Might be observing the Care/Harm trigger, or Sanctity/Degradation.
  • You see a parent speaking very harshly to their toddler in a store. The toddler is crying their eyes out.
  • You and your friends all occasionally enjoy risqué humor, but you are uncomfortable listening to people talk about intimate things like sex casually. Maybe you have a different sanctity trigger.
  • You hear someone talk uncharitably about someone who sees them as a good friend. You are triggered for disloyalty.
  • You and a co-worker agree that your boss is a bit full of himself. You find yourself pushing back, but your co-worker just ignores his boorish behavior. You have different triggers for authority and subversion.
  • You like Tucker Carlson, but then you see that one of his pro-Putin shows is being run on Russian TV along with Trump’s and Pompeo’s praise for the warmongering dictator. It feels like betrayal.
  • Focus on both ways that we are all triggered and ways that we are differentially triggered.

Haidt, Chapter 7, "The Moral Foundations of Politics"

  • Homo economicus vs. Homo sapiens -- column a b -- shows costs of sapiens psych. commitments "taste buds"
  • Note on Innateness and Determinism: "first draft" metaphor; experience revises - pre-wired not hard-wired. innate without being universal. (Note this is the same anti-determinism disclaimer we got from Hibbing & Co.)
  • Notes on each foundation:
  • Care/Harm -- evolutionary story of asymmetry between m/f interests/strategies in reproduction, attachment theory (read def). current triggers. Baby Max and stuffed animals -- triggers.
  • Implicit theory about "re-triggering" note red flag. unexplained. Consider plausibility.
  • Fairness/Cheating -- We know we incur obligation when accepting favors. So,... Trivers and reciprocal altruism. "tit for tat" ; equality vs. proportionality. Original and current problem is to build coalitions (social networks) without being suckered (exploited). Focus on your experience of cooperation, trust, and defection (which could just be declining cooperation). Public goods game research also fits here. Libs think of fairness more in terms of equality, conservatives more about proportionality.
  • Loyalty/Betrayal -- Tribalism in story of Eagles/Rattlers. liberals experience low emphasis here; note claim that this is gendered 139. sports groupishness is a current trigger. connected to capacity for violence. Liberals can come across as disloyal when they think they are just being critical. Note current culture conflicts over confederate symbols and statues fits here.
  • Authority/Subversion -- Cab driver story. Hierarchy in animal and human society; liberals experience this differently also; note cultural work accomplished by the "control role" -- suppression of violence that would occur without hierarchy. Alan Fiske's work on "Authority Ranking" -- suggest legit recognition of difference and, importantly, not just submission. Authority relationships are a two way street (maybe esp for conservs?). Tendency to see UN and international agreements as vote dilution, loss of sov. (Digressive topic: Should we mark authority relationships more?)
  • Sanctity/Degradation -- Miewes-Brandes horror. Ev.story: omnivores challenge is to spot foul food and disease (pathogens, parasites). (Being an omnivore is messy. One should not be surprised to find that vegetarians often appreciate the cleanliness of their diet.) Omnivores dilemma -- benefit from being able to eat wide range of foods, but need to distinguish risky from safe. neophilia and neophobia. Images of chastity in religion and public debate. understanding culture wars. The ability to “sanctify” something (bodies, environment, principles) is an important current trigger.
  • Some examples from current political bumper stickers. [1]
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