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| − | ==19: MAR 26. == | + | ==17. MAR 26== |
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| − | ===Assigned=== | + | ===Assigned Work=== |
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| − | :*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzPbUUPutnk Libertarianism in Six Minutes] | + | :*Shore, Eliott, "Dining Out" (263-292; 29) |
| − | :*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism Libertarianism wiki] See for historical detail.
| + | :*Ruhlman, "How the A&P Changed the Western World" (29-42) (13) |
| − | :*Sapolsky, Chapter 17, “The View from the Bottom” from Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers. Recommended p. 353-383. If you don’t have time for the whole chapter, read from 362 to 383. | |
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| − | ===In-Class=== | + | ===In-class=== |
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| − | :*PP1 assigned | + | :*Re-imagining the restaurant |
| − | :*Resources for thinking about Justice and the limits of partiality
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| − | :*Imagining the Just Society
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| − | ===Libertarianism as a moral and political theory===
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| − | :*'''Libertarianism in Six Minutes''' (notes)
| + | ===Pre-supermarket culture in Italy=== |
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| − | ::*Historical look: '''Libertarianism comes out of radical emancipatory politics.''' | + | :*[Digression on pre-supermarket food culture in Italy.] |
| − | :::*17th century resistance to oppressive conditions. “Rent seekers”. Payne. "Those who pay taxes & those who live on taxes." | + | ::*[http://www.grandvoyageitaly.com/cucina/vocabulary-specialty-shop-names-in-italy Some terms for pre-supermarket shops]. |
| − | :::*Similar to socialism and capitalism, a view about what is fair. | + | ::*Some images of Italian supermarkets and remaining small shops today: |
| − | :::*"Libertarianism originated as a form of left-wing politics such as anti-authoritarian and anti-state socialists like anarchists,[6] especially social anarchists,[7] but more generally libertarian communists/Marxists and libertarian socialists." (from wiki). | + | :::*[https://photos.app.goo.gl/nDpDAoLFPfS8yBNw5 Herbs] |
| | + | :::*[https://photos.app.goo.gl/pxXY13oHk7FvGyn36 Traditional mercato in Bologna] |
| | + | :::*[https://photos.app.goo.gl/x3qparoUb5bFLoVz9 Remaining panificeria in Florence], [https://photos.app.goo.gl/KMoSq6MsXkQLA3FB9 Street food - tripe sandwiches!] |
| | + | :::*[https://photos.app.goo.gl/Bb1g46UMW1USfbdFA Traditional Pasta Fresca, Bologna]. |
| | + | :::*Typical Italian supermarket meat section: [https://www.dropbox.com/s/0ifpdhhwlxapsqy/Shrink%20wrapped%20meat%201.jpg?dl=0 1], [https://www.dropbox.com/s/eokq86wdpt2d7ef/Shrink%20wrapped%20meat%202.jpg?dl=0 2]. |
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| − | ::*US libertarianism closer to free market capitalism vs. European meaning is more socialist. (Note: Political ideas can take multiple forms in relation to conservative/liberal.)
| + | ===Ruhlman, "How the A&P Changed the Western World"=== |
| − | :::*''Assumption of natural harmony among productive people'' with liberty of contract. Laws limited to protection and protection of natural rights. Anything more violates the "Non-aggressive principle". No regulation of market. Low social spending - people are responsible for themselves and their families. Taxes are presumed to be coercive and confiscatory.
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| − | :::*Conservative libertarian theorist, Robert Nozick, ''Anarchy, State, and Utopia'': "Night watchman" state. (Not so close to anarchy, except consistent with strong sense of public order.)
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| − | ::*'''Problems identified in Thought Monkey Youtube:'''
| + | :*Modern supermarket: 40-50,000 items. Strong market pressure not to miss consumer preference. In '75 only 9,000. |
| − | :::*No libertarian candidates on the national stage in two party state.
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| − | :::*No successful libertarian states. No one's tried.
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| − | :::*Monopolies, poverty. (We have extraordinarily high inequality right now.)
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| − | :::*Doesn’t solve conflicts bt “Rentier” and propertyless. (Consider current inflationary rental markets.)
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| − | :::*No guarantee that you won’t “bleed out in the street” for lack of healthcare.
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| − | :::*Non-aggression principle unlikely in free market. Markets can be quite aggressive. Putting people out of their homes. Eviction.
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| − | :::*Assumes increase in wealth produces increase in happiness (Easterlin paradox - comes up in Happiness class)
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| − | :::*Environmental concerns require collective action, libertarians have idealistic response: people will buy from sustainable companies with coercion.
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| − | :*'''Summing up:''' | + | :*Some evidence that lots of choices undermines rational decision making 31. 15 types of eggs. not just small, med, large. |
| − | :*(US conservative) Libertarianism: '''fundamental concern with human freedom understood as avoidance of coercion'''; minimal state; some morals legislation - often anti-abortion; no redistribution of income or wealth. Strong concern with equality of liberty and avoidance of oppression, understood as forced labor.
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| − | :*Basic intuition for conservative libertarianism: '''Taxation (beyond minimal state functions) is a form of forced labor.''' Only legitimate for a narrow range of goals that we mutually benefit from, such as defense. | + | :*Background of stores against which rise of "A&P tea company" took place. George Gilman, Great American Tea Company, then Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company. Started with a brand of tea. Higher profit margin than groceries. |
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| − | :*(US Liberal) Libertarianism: Also focused on freedom, especially regarding respect for identity differences and private behaviors (favors decriminalization/legalization of drugs), but retains some of the original left-wing concerns of socialism. ::*Liberal Libertarianism has a '''more material interpretation of rights.''' | + | :*Three innovations: brand, premiums (gifts for purchases made), trading stamps. baking powder a novel product (note, not in Italy). Other early competitors: Grand Union. Brands: consistency, purity (closed containers). |
| − | :::*Liberty includes "bodily autonomy" - control of reproductive choices, choices about whom to be intimate with
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| − | :::*Are you really free if you are living on the street?
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| − | :::*Are you really free if you are discriminated against?
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| − | :::*Are you really free if you work full time and can't afford to take care of basic needs?
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| − | ::::*To be fair, conservative libertarians have responses to these challenges: Charity, persuasion, voluntary methods.
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| − | :*Basic intuition for liberal libertarianism: Government isn't the only source of coercion. Abstract negative liberty (freedom from coercion) doesn't full describe liberty. Positive liberty requires protection for specific behaviors and choices. | + | :*'''Importance of branding'''. Old grocer sold unbranded staples, only competed on price. Canning and boxed foods allow for branding. (Commercial paper bag and cardboard box created during this time.) Also allows for centralized food processing. A&Ps opened at 7 stores a day for a while. Also led to modern supply chain. |
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| | + | :*A&P: 1900: $5million, 1925: $350 million, Today: $4.8billion. Power of scaling up supply chains. |
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| − | ===Sapolsky, Chapter 17, “The View from the Bottom” 353-383===
| + | :*Early 20th century: self-service. Piggly Wiggly. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggly_Wiggly] |
| | + | :*1930s: shopping cart. |
| | + | :*1920s: refrigeration (allowed for meats and frozen foods). p 41: King Kullen -- sig: bigger store, located off main street. 1930. Depression era. |
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| − | :*Example of social epidemiology in practice. [https://nam11.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoh.wa.gov%2Fdata-and-statistical-reports%2Fwashington-tracking-network-wtn%2Fwashington-environmental-health-disparities-map&data=05%7C01%7Calfino%40gonzaga.edu%7C94154272340648d4818b08db39f8915d%7C2ba334075ccc4940bd16ae154f04c3ca%7C0%7C0%7C638167511993096244%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=GdNwHZxQjPj7Uz1%2Bs11T4gwrblG%2FqsxtddccQlO1ZDI%3D&reserved=0]
| + | ===Shore, Eliott, "Dining Out"=== |
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| − | :*tension between reductive biology which focuses on immediate mechanisms of disease and illness and social or behavioral medicine, which looks at socio-political causes of illness. | + | :*Last 50 years of restaurant history is different — explosion of venues, menus, and cuisines. |
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| − | :*Famous pioneer in social medicine: Rudolph Virchow -- noticed in 1847 Typhus outbreak that disproportionately affected people living in poor social conditions. | + | :*Restaurants in China during Hangzhou - 1280. !! |
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| − | :*Focus of the chapter on how social rank (SES- socio-economic status) is a determinant of health and mortality. | + | :*264: defining traits of restaurant - follow. [A distinct kind of pleasure. Something only the wealthy would have been able to do “in house”. Connect to history of happiness.] |
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| − | :*Pecking Orders Among Beasts with Tails | + | :*vs. “Table d’hote”, coffee house, inn (ex from Don Quixote), “take away” existed in Paris, for example. |
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| − | ::*wide range of animals engage in dominance hierarchies -- hens, baboons -- examples of types of dominance behavior. Subordinate male baboons have elevated resting glucocorticoid levels. Chronically activated stress levels predict a range of other physiological disregulation, including cholesterol, testosterone, immune response, etc. Stress related disseases.
| + | :*1st modern restaurants in Paris just before the revolution, 1760s…. = restoratif. Health food. Boullion based soups. (From Gratzer, Restuarants allowed women to go out unescorted.). “Cabinets particuliers allowed for secrete liaisons! (Restaurant connects to intimacy at the start.). “Private in public”. Also political liaisons. |
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| − | ::*On the other hand, low rank in a dominance hierarchy in many species does not result in a chronic stress response. Ex: marmosets, wild dogs, and dwarf mongooses (359). Why? Short answer: in some species being low ranked isn't such a bad deal and being dominant is stressful. Typical factors that decide this question: being harassed by dominant members and being denied social support predict health effects from dominance. Stable dominance hierarchies also matter (for humans this would mean not expecting to get out of a low SES status).
| + | :*Nice description 271 of how a fancy French restaurant, La France Taverne de Londres, appeared to an American. |
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| − | :*Do Humans have Ranks? | + | :*The first food critics, gourmands, Grimod (and Brilliat-Savarin). The rise of gastronomy. Stickers on the windows started here. |
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| − | ::*Need to distinguish dominance from aggression. A Type a personality can be aggressive without being dominant. Studies of corporate hierarchies suggest top execs "give ulcers rather than get them". It's the middle managers who are stressed - responsibility without control. Sapolsky is a bit skeptical of these studies (363), especially as most of human history has been, we think, unhierarchical. (Hunter-gatherers were likely egalitarian.) | + | :*New York restaurant culture — The Del Monico [https://www.theoriginaldelmonicos.com/]. |
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| − | ::*The question of dominance among humans is also hard to assess because we are complicated. You can have low status and high stress at your job, but high status from church or community engagement. We also think about our challenges is diverse ways. (You may be far from winning the Bloomsday race, but having a great time.)
| + | ===Re-imagining the Restaurant=== |
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| − | ::*One place Sapolsky is not skeptical about: '''being poor is a huge health risk.'''
| + | :*Since the opening of the first modern restaurants in Paris around 1780, the concept of the restaurant has developed, especially in the 21st century. Think of the variety of eateries and restaurants we have now, from food trucks, to traditional fast food, to healthy concept fast food. |
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| − | :*Socioeconomic status (SES), stress, and disease | + | :*Use your philosophical imaginations to think through a new combination of values that a new kind of restaurant might realize. During our discussion of the Gopnik piece we will develop a list of "restaurant values" -- both of the first modern restaurant and the ones that followed. Then, in group discussion, try to think about what you can't get from the contemporary array of restaurants, but something you would value. You ideas may range from things you would like to see more restaurants do to kinds of restaurants that do not exist. |
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| − | ::*Description of poverty stress factors p. 364.
| + | ===Gopnik, Adam, "Who Made the Restaurant?" (13-57)=== |
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| − | ::*Poverty also limits coping strategy resources (frequent crises, lack of social support, few resources in general). Poverty reduces personal choices for outlets for stress and limits personal safety (the poor experience crime more than high SES people).
| + | :*from ''The Table Comes First'' |
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| − | ::*Only a few studies, but they support this claim. Montreal study: low-SES kids have double circulating glucocorticoids as high SES kids. | + | :*opening description - follow -- illusion of dining room, relation to romance, difference from previous types: table d'hote, traiteur, caterer. |
| | + | ::*Traits of modern restaurant: waiters, menus, tables, mirrors, closed kitchen, seduction, silences..(privacy in public) |
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| − | ::*Health risk from poverty is the biggest effect in behavioral medicine. Cardiovascular disease, resporatory disease, ulcers, rheumatoid disorders, psychiatric disorders, some cancers, infant mortality and mortality from all causes. Low SES predicts low birth weight (which has life long effects). Could be a 5-10 year difference in life expectance depending upon the country. Nun study (367)
| + | :*personal experiences -- HoJo to Paris - Grand Vefour -- restaurants and writers' scenes. (search "Howard Johnson's Simple Simon and the Pie Man—1950's images" to see the original HoJo restaurant sign.). Interesting how many of the characteristics are in common between the two restaurants. |
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| − | :*Puzzle of Health Care Access | + | :*19: account of origin of restaurant starts here: |
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| − | ::*You would think access to health care would explain the difference, but only part of it. SES gradient in England worsening in spite of universal health care. You might suspect that people don't get treated equally in the health system (Carla's story!).
| + | :*old story - post french revolution, displaced help from nobles. But restaurant starts 20 years earlier. Restaurant not like home service. |
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| − | ::*But also, it's a "gradient". Marmot study used British Civil service ranking and found a gradient by job status. 4x great carido risk from low SES. | + | :*three factors: intellectual causes (health and simplicity), commercial causes (new site for restaurants in/around Palais Royal), moral/social cause (breakdown of caste/class leading up to Rev) |
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| − | ::*The SES gradient exists for diseases not sensitive to health care access. juvenile diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis, for example. (369).
| + | :*Mathrurin Roze de Chantoiseau -- first restauranteur. note root meanings of "restaurant" - associated with bullion and restoratives. Early restaurant served healthy foods that you couldn't source (22), not esoteric or exotic. Chantoiseau introduced more of a pleasure motive to the restaurant. |
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| − | :*Risk factors and protective factors | + | :*Gender dimension to the new restaurant: Women could go together in public (!). Also, the restaurant can make you feel rich. Fancier than your stuff. Another early restauranteur, Vacossion, focused on simple foods that individuals could not source themselves. "nouvelle cuisine" |
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| − | ::*Poor people smoke more, eat less well, don't exercise as much, have less adequate heat in winter, more exposure to crime. Being poorly educated is a big risk factor, because it can affect your understanding of risks and ways to protect yourself (the poor are less likely to wear seat belts). These are risk and protective factors. Controlling for these factors may only account for about 1/3 of the SES gradient.
| + | :*French Revolution actually problematic for the early restaurant -- communalism of the table d'hote more suited to egalitarianism. |
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| − | ::*You might think living in a wealthy country is a protective factor. One study of wealthies 1/4 of countries showed no relationship between wealth and health of citizens.
| + | :*Commercial scene of the Palais Royal -- first mall. 27: 1780-1830 -- period of growth of restaurants - reflected some international ethnic cusine, but points out that the southern provinces of France would seem as exotic to Parisians and North African cuisine might seem to us. "Provencal" |
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| − | :*Stress and the SES gradient | + | :*The modern restaurant also developes alongside gastronomy. Among the first, Brillat-Savarin, ''The Physiology of Taste''. |
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| − | ::*Sapolsky thinks psychological factors, such as stress, may be part of the explanation for the SES gradient.
| + | :*Adopted “'''Russian service'''” (sequence of courses, dishes chosen by each diner) rather than '''French banquet service''' (piles of dishes on a sideboard from which waiters serve) (consider the individualism in this) -- note how this changes the motivations of restauranteurs to be entrepreneurial. (Wealth of Nations, 1776) |
| − | :::*1. Poor have higher stress levels.
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| − | :::*2. The SES gradient tracks stress related diseases.
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| − | :::*3. Not clear what the competitor explanation would be, if not stress.
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| − | :*Being poor versus feeling poor | + | :*'''Part two of the chapter: The French Cafe''': compares the emergence of the restaurant to the newer cafe, which did come into being by post-revolution licensing law changes allowing coffee/alcohol in same place. alcohol a myopic drug / caffeine a far sighted drug. 33-37, importance of. (Digress to consider how we handle this now and in different places.) note Paris / London comparisons p. 33. The cafe is a hangout, unlike the more formal restaurant. |
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| − | ::*Newer research on "subjective poverty" not just actual SES status, but also how one perceives their SES status. Research question for subjective poverty 374. Subjective SES predicts health outcomes better than objective SES.
| + | :*Brings in Pierre Bourdieu and Priscilla Park Ferguson -- "social field" , like a "scene" (examples of "gastronomic scenes" -- craft beer, local roasted coffee....) features of a food scene: writing, end of famine, enjoyment of food not seen as a sin, but mark of cultivation. |
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| − | ::*Subjective SES is also about education, income, and occupational position, but also includes satisfaction with one's standard of living and feeling financial security about the future.
| + | :*Brillat-Savarin, 1825 Physiology of Taste. introduces word "gastronomy" 42ff. defines the "gourmand" in terms of enthusiasm about one's appetite and taste for food. analogy to the pleasure of flirtation, which he also claimed was a french invention (!). "Soft power" (mention slow food, also a political movement). With greater food security, enjoying food for its own sake change form vice to virtue (mention Happiness history here) |
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| | + | :*Rival, Grimod La Reyniere -- real foodie, spent the revolution eating great food, somewhat abstracted. Rated restaurants and gave them stickers for their windows. The discussion here suggests how the vocabulary of the French gastronomic moment developed. |
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| − | :*Poverty v Poverty amid Plenty | + | :*54: Habermas' theory about "Enlightenment eating" -- creates social capital. Issue at the end: Is the restaurant a bourgeoisie trap or an instrument of enlightenment? |
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| − | ::*Wilkinson research (375): Income inequality increases the effect of the SES gradient. Other research compared most and least egalitarian states in the US (New Hampshire v Louisiana), finding 60% higher mortality rate. Canada / US comparisons also show an "inequality" effect, esp interesting as Canada is a bit less wealthy overall than US. (The inequality effect is less apparent within highly egalitarian societies.) | |
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| − | ::*The most relevant comparison in subjective SES is to your immediate community. Could be that modern life makes for more comparisons outside of community as we see more of how others' live.
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| − | ::*Technical issue (377)
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| − | ::*You might wonder if correcting for inequality simply makes wealthy people less healthy and poorer people more healthy. But the Wilkinson research suggests that lower inequality improves health across SES.
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| − | :*How does income inequality and feeling poor translate to bad health?
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| − | ::*Research on "social capital" -- def at 378. read ("civic participation, volunteerism, safety" "trust, reciprocity, lack of hostility, heavy participation in organizations for common good") . Kawachi research: high inequality predicts low social capital. General Trust Question (378). Kawachi argues that reciprocity requires equality, while dominance is inequality. '''Can't have high income equality and high social capital'''
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| − | ::*Inequality in a society also predicts high crime rates (even better than poverty does), which visit low SES citizens more.
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| − | ::*Spending on public goods - transit, safety, clean water, schools, health care -- reduces effects of inequality. In unequal society, wealthy have disincentive to support public goods spending as they depend less upon it. (pause for examples and application to current US politics.) Comparisons of Eastern block countries after fall of Soviet Union -- high income equality, but differential access to public goods. And US: high wealth, high inequality, low social capital. Unprecedented health disparities.
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| − | ::*Why is the stress - disease connection so variable in primates, but so consistent in humans. Sapolsky speculates that agriculture may be the difference. Agriculture may have invented poverty.
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| − | ===Resources for thinking about Justice and the limits of partiality.===
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| − | :*Our small group exercise on '''estate planning''' helped us as the question of justified partiality from a "first person singular" perspective. But it really only gave you a little information about your intuitions about impersonal prosociality, generous, and maybe dozen other little things about you. But this could also inform an intuition about justice.
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| − | :*Now we consider the question from the "first person plural" perspective. "What do we owe strangers?" "How big is our "us"? '''What does a just society look like?'''. To take on this question, we need to round up some resources and take stock of some of the theories we have already been studying.
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| − | :*Theoretical and reflective resources for developing a position on the question, "What do we owe strangers?"
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| − | :*1. '''Which "goods" does justice involve?'''
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| − | :::*a. '''Promotion of basic subjective well-being''' (Utilitarian Justice) -- Do we owe any strangers (perhaps those in our social contract) an obligation to promote their basic happiness? I'll bring in some ideas from "happiness economics" here. Happiness economists critique the use of GDP as a sole goal of public policy. They point to the limited ability of money (after a threshold amount) to improve subjective well-being (SWB). Some argue that the "just society" promotes human development and that there are basic goods that at least wealthy societies could provide that would raise SWB. A typical list includes: '''child care, education, food security, employment security, health security, and security in meeting the challenges of aging and dying'''.
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| − | :::*b. '''Economic justice (Rawls, but also arguments about Inequality, SES, and health)''' -- Are there economic outcomes in a society or in the world that would be fundamentally unfair or unjust? If inequality continued to increase even from normal market behaviors, would it ever be unjust? Consider the Sapolsky reading, “The View from the Bottom” here.
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| − | ::::*On an international level, should we think of Rawls' "veil of ignorance" on a global level? (If you were behind the veil of ignorance and didn’t know who '''in the world''' you would be, what principles of international justice would it be rational for you to assent to?)
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| − | :::*c. '''Promotion of rights and anti-discrimination''' (Formal Justice / Libertarian) --
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| − | :::*d. '''Promotion of goods related to autonomy, “actual” freedom and choice (Capabilities) -- rights, se
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| − | :*2. '''Which obligations of justice extend to which strangers?'''
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| − | ::*Strangers in your own community, your nation, and the world -- With any of the "goods" mentioned above, you may decide that they extend to different types of strangers. For example, you may not believe obligations to promote happiness go beyond borders, but you might still believe that personal or collective beneficence (charity) is a good thing. Or, you may address all of these groups with the same theory of obligation if you think obligations of justice apply to all strangers equally. '''Notice that the more you are like Dillion (a strong utilitarian), the less you will distinguish among kinds of strangers.'''
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| − | :*3. '''What are the limits of justified personal partiality''' -- For some of you, this earlier work may set a "baseline" for thinking about obligations to strangers. Partiality is wrong if it promotes injustice and discrimination, but within limits it reflects a natural, evolved strategy for cooperation.
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| − | :*4. '''Use your understanding of culturally evolved values''' -- We have been studying the origins and value of cooperation, as well as psychological adaptations of WEIRD culture, such as impersonal pro-sociality, impartiality in rules, and other traits that seem to orient our obligations away from kin and friends. There is some evidence that these psychological adaptations facilitate markets and some forms of justice, such as those "impersonal" virtues mentioned above. If you endorse these aspects of WEIRD culture (if you think humans "survive and thrive" better with these mental adaptations), you may draw on them in thinking about your obligations to strangers. You might argue that strengthening the bonds of impersonal virtues like honesty and trust require specific justice commitments. We have also studied two theories (Haidt and Hibbing) that help us think about standing challenges we face as a social species. You might argue that we have duties toward those in our community to help with the most basic challenges life poses for humans.
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| − | :*6. '''Consult your moral matrix'''. Work from your identity, especially as it is reflected in your "moral matrix." Write from your own moral matrix.
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| − | ===Imagining the Just/Good Society===
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| − | :*Think of this “checklist” as a kind of experiment in triggering your intuitions (the elephant) on “what a just society looks like”. You still need to develop reasons for the vision you come up with. It’s new for me, so I don’t know how successful it will be in teaching, but here it is:
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| − | '''A Checklist for imagining the just society.'''
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| − | ::*Track your agreement with each of the items below. This might help think about how you imagine justice. Whether you find yourself agreeing with the items or not, try to use your reactions to tell yourself something about your image of justice. In some cases, you might agree with an item, but not see it as a matter of justice. For each item, assume you are referring to a wealthy society, like the United States.
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| − | :*'''A. Basic Formal Justice and Equality.''' These are likely to be in everyone’s list. In a just society,
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| − | ::*…the constitution guarantees equal rights and protects the due process rights of all citizens.
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| − | ::*…the administration of justice promotes non-discrimination and enforces all laws related to equal opportunity and non-discrimination.
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| − | ::*…there are laws against discrimination.
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| − | ::*…opportunities are based as much as possible on merit.
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| − | :*'''B. Material rights, Moral arbitrariness, and Social justice'''. Some of these items involve human rights, some involve morally arbitrary traits or conditions. In a just society,
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| − | ::*…it should not be possible to work a full time job and become homeless.
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| − | ::*…it should not be possible to work your whole life and retire to absolute poverty.
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| − | ::*…kids always have enough to eat, a safe place to live, and appropriate care.
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| − | ::*…the society has an interest and obligation for child welfare.
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| − | ::*…the quality of a public primary and secondary education does not depend upon the class and wealth of the school's students.
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| − | ::*…we agree to pay for the public education of others’ kids.
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| − | ::*…post secondary educational opportunities are not limited by personal income or wealth.
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| − | ::*…some bad outcomes, like those leading to disability and inability to work, are insured by the society.
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| − | ::*…some bad outcomes, like natural disasters and failures of government, are insured by the society.
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| − | ::*…old age poverty is prevented, possibly by a Social Security model.
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| − | ::*…your “basic quality of life” should not be determined by arbitrary things like genetic lotteries and accidents.
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| − | ::*…income and wealth inequalities can be a threat to social justice because they can weaken our commitments to each other. A just society is one in which people have stable and strong bonds.
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| − | :*'''C. Justice in a Free Society''' You may think of justice as serving a conception of a free society. A just society protects liberty. In a just society,
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| − | ::*…our mandatory (e.g., through taxation) social obligations would be limited to formal justice (A above), common defense, public order and safety, and some practical matters, like infrastructure planning.
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| − | ::*…the protection of liberty is seen as a form of social justice, because free people renounce coercion from government or each other.
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| − | ::*…everyone is responsible for their own success or failure.
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| − | ::*…your basic quality of life depends upon your own efforts, plus the voluntary charity of others.
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| − | ::*…you are free to choose to help others achieve happiness or not. Justice is not necessarily about happiness.
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| − | ===A continuum of justice positions===
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| − | :*One very straightforward way to approach PP1 is to arrange the theories of justice we have been considering on a continuum. In this case the continuum is based on "thin" v "thick" theories of justice. A thin theory commits you to less and has a lower "burden of proof" while a thick theory demands a stronger set of expectations (values).
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| − | :*We will fill in notes in class, but here are some of the main resources we have for PP1.
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| − | :*'''Formal theories of justice''' as a framework of formal rights.
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| − | ::*Justice not so much about outcomes as it is about fair rules. Whatever happens as a result of fair dealing (inequalities, homelessness, poor health outcomes) may be unfortunate, but not necessarily unjust. Private charity is the best response to unfortunate outcomes.
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| − | ::*All of the following views embrace the idea of formal justice.
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| − | :*'''Libertarianism''' - Justice as "non-coercion"
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| − | ::*The just society has a minimal state because large government are inevitably coercive, either because they tax at levels that result in a kind of wage slavery or because they interfere with people's lives in other ways.
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| − | ::*Private charity is the best response to unfortunate outcomes.
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| − | :*'''Rawls'''. -
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| − | ::*The way to determine the principles of justice is from behind the veil of ignorance, where you do not know many things about your fortunes that are '''morally arbitrary''' to you. An assumption here is that your life should not be worse off for morally arbitrary factors.
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| − | ::*1. Egalitarian about rights and liberties (includes formal justice).
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| − | ::*2. Justifies some inequality by Difference Principle, but uses redistribution of income to maximize the conditions for the worst off.
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| − | :*'''Capabilities view'''. Amartya Sen.
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| − | ::*Capabilities are possibilities for choice that affect well-being. Promoting capabilites is not about promoting happiness directly (as in strong well-being approaches), but about realizing choice and freedom.
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| − | ::*For Sen, capabilities enable "functionings" that realize human freedoms.
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| − | :*'''Strong Well-Being Approaches'''
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| − | ::*Utilitarian - think Dillon. Just societies maximize well-being. The "why" involves the equal happiness principle.
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| − | ::*Some Happiness Economists - Use SWB measures instead of GDP to guide policy. The "why" involves getting a more accurate measure of utility or SWB.
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| − | :*'''Socialism / Communism'''
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| − | ::*Socialism with free market: Markets are good for promoting liberty and free choice, but they can create inequalities that become exploitative. In an important sense, the wealth of a country is a communal good that should serve the interests of the people in the society, but there is nothing inherently unjust about some inequality. Justice requires the state to intervene and take other measures to guarantee equity.
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| − | ::*Communist: Stronger, Marxian, critique of market as essentially exploitative. A just society treats it's productive wealth as a communal asset, to be distributed in an egalitarian manner to meet human needs and social goals.
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| − | ===PP1: "What Do We Owe Strangers" Position Paper: 1000 words===
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| − | :*'''Stage 1''': Please write a 1000 word maximum answer to the following question by '''Tuesday, April 2, 2023, 11:59pm.'''
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| − | ::*'''Topic''': What do we owe strangers in our society, as a matter of justice? Consider the various approaches to justice we have been discussing and whether, why, and in what ways we should go beyond the "personal preference" we show friends and family and obligate ourselves to strangers in our society. Consider theories of justice which focus on formal rights and liberty, as well as theories that argue for more substantive or material rights and more material conceptions of freedom, like capabilities, or well-being. Are structural conditions, such as stress and SES relevant to the discussion of justice? Be sure to develop your own view (with both a "what" and a "why") using course resources and examples. Show why some other views are not appealing to you.
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| − | ::*'''Keep in mind''':
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| − | :::*You are answering this prompt in the "first person," but you are giving reasons for your view and, implicitly, recommending it as a standard. Give reasons that you feel should appeal to a wide range of people in your society and across political orientation.
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| − | :::*Your readers will not necessarily share your view, so you should say why your position should be acceptable ''to someone with a different point of view''. You will not be assessed on which view (within a wide range) of justice you adopt, but on the quality of your writing and reasoning, and your focus on the prompt.
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| − | :::*You should assume that any obligations you have to strangers are contingent upon adequate resources (national wealth and personal wealth). You do live in one of the wealthiest countries in the world, but you may not be personally obligated to help strangers if you are struggling to survive. (Philosopher's generally believe "ought implies can" - you aren't obligated to do something you can't do.)
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| − | :::*For this prompt you are only considering Justice to strangers in your society, the US.
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| − | :*'''Advice about collaboration''': Collaboration is part of the academic process and the intellectual world that college courses are based on, so it is important to me that you have the possibility to collaborate. I encourage you to collaborate with other students, but only up to the point of sharing ideas, references to class notes, and your own notes, '''verbally'''. Collaboration is also a great way to make sure that a high average level of learning and development occurs in the class. The best way to avoid plagiarism is to NOT share text of draft answers or outlines of your answer. Keep it verbal. Generate your own examples.
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| − | :*Prepare your answer and submit it in the following way. '''You will lose points''' if you do not follow these instructions:
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| − | ::# To assure anonymity, you must remove your name from the the "author name" that you may have provided when you set up your word processing application. For instructions on removing your name from an Word or Google document, [[https://wiki.gonzaga.edu/alfino/index.php/Removing_your_name_from_a_Word_file click here]].
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| − | ::# Format your answer in double spaced text, in a typical 12 point font, and using normal margins. Do not add spaces between paragraphs and indent the first line of each paragraph.
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| − | ::# '''Do not put your name in the file or filename'''. You may put your student ID number in the file. Always put a word count in the file. Save your file for this assignment with the name: "ObligationsToStrangers".
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| − | ::# To turn in your assignment, log into courses.alfino.org, click on the "PP1 - What do we owe strangers" dropbox.
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| − | ::# If you cannot meet a deadline, you must email me about your circumstances (unless you are having an emergency) '''before''' the deadline or you will lose points.
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| − | :*'''Stage 2''': Please evaluate '''four''' student answers and provide brief comments and a score. Review the [[Assignment Rubric]] for this exercise. We will be using the Flow, Content, and Logic areas of the rubric for this assignment. Complete your evaluations and scoring by '''Sunday, April 4, 2023 11:59pm.'''
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| − | ::*To determine the papers you need to peer review, open the file called "#Key.xls" in the shared folder. You will see a worksheet with saint names in alphabetically order, along with animal names. Find your saint name and review the next four (4) animals' work below your animal name. If you get to the bottom of the list before reaching 4 animals, go to the top of the list and continue.
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| − | ::*Use [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmcMisNfFACoiLDCGogEOpW7E8TYnm0hXptxcYXrmMWza-3g/viewform?usp=sf_link this Google Form] to evaluate '''four''' peer papers. Submit the form once for each review.
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| − | ::*Some papers may arrive late. If you are in line to review a missing paper, allow a day or two for it to show up. If it does not show up, go back to the key and review the next animal's paper, continuing until you get four reviews. Do not review more than four papers.
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| − | :*'''Stage 3''': I will grade and briefly comment on your writing using the peer scores as an initial ranking. Assuming the process works normally, most of my scores probably be within 1-2 points of the peer scores, plus or minus.
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| − | :*'''Stage 4''': Back-evaluation: After you receive your peer comments and my evaluation, take a few minutes to fill out this quick "back evaluation" rating form: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeLKq6wGrUO4yVpo3H7NyGQT7iJY4MdaSYxpV1uFbKir6M-pA/viewform?usp=sf_link]. '''Fill out the form for each reviewer, but not Alfino.''' '''You must do the back evaluation to receive credit for the whole assignment.''' Failing to give back-evaluations unfairly affects other classmates.
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| − | ::*Back evaluations are due '''TBD, 2023'''.
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