Prosthetic limbs and competitive sports

Background Knowledge

Science, Medicine, And The Future: Artificial Limbs Linda J. Marks, John W. Michael BMJ: British Medical Journal, Vol. 323, No. 7315 (Sep. 29, 2001), pp. 732-735 Published by: BMJ Publishing Group http://www.jstor.org/stable/25467993 This article talks about prosthetic limbs and the advancements that have been made.

NLICC STAFF. "Prosthetic FAQs for the New Amputee." Web. 5 Nov. 2009. <http://www.amputee-coalition.org/fact_sheets/prosfaq.html>. -This website was created by the Amputee Coalition of America. The article is a basic list of questions and answers for someone looking into prosthetics. It gives a viewpoint of someone who has to use a prosthetic limb, which is helpful to determine if a prosthetic limb requires as much work and maintenance as does the -human body.

Bill Kuehn. "On bended knee. " Joe Weider's Muscle & Fitness 1 Apr. 2003: Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 10 Nov. 2009. This article shows the opportunities within getting prosthetic surgery after getting an amputation.

Prosthetic Limbs

Do Protetics limbs do give an unfair advantage?

Alice Dreger. (2009, September 13). Swifter, Higher, Stronger? Science Adds a Variable :[Sports Desk]. New York Times (Late Edition (east Coast)), p. SP.5. Retrieved November 5, 2009, from New York Times. (Document ID: 1858083261). http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1858083261&SrchMode=2&sid=1&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1257457251&clientId=10553 This article talks about different ways that athletes can try to gain an advantage through science including prosthetic limbs.

"The Story Behind: Prosthetic Limbs". European Patent Office. November 6, 2009 <http://www.epo.org/topics/innovation-and-economy/european-inventor/inventions/2008/prosthecic-limbs.html>. This article provides reasons for the possibilities of prosthetic limbs to allow runners to run faster than those with biological legs.

Peter McKnight. "Sports, technology and the meaning of 'human'; The 'future' depicted in science fiction is upon us now :[Final Edition]. " The Vancouver Sun 26 Jan. 2008, ProQuest Newsstand, ProQuest. Web. 5 Nov. 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=18&did=1419954521&SrchMode=2&sid=2&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1257458082&clientId=10553

Author Unknown."Born to Run". IEEE Spectrum. November 6, 2009 <http://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/bionics/born-to-run>. This article gives a brief insight from Heidrun Gigja Ragnarsdottir, a creator prosthetic limbs.

Ian Kerr. "Forget the old normal; Do Oscar Pistorius's prosthetic legs make him faster? That probably depends on whether you take two-leggedness as the baseline :[Final Edition]. " The Ottawa Citizen 16 Jan. 2008, ProQuest Newsstand, ProQuest. Web. 5 Nov. 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1415163171&SrchMode=2&sid=2&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1257971053&clientId=10553 This article discusses whether prothetic limbs give people an unfair advantage.This article talks about how many people believe that prothetics could passs human capabilities in the future.

ANI. "Prosthetic legs don’t give amputee runners an unfair advantage: Study." 5 Nov. 2009. Web. 5 Nov. 2009. <http://trak.in/news/prosthetic-legs-dont-give-amputee-runners-an-unfair-advantage-study/20258/>. -This is an article that supports the claim that prosthetic limbs do not give an advantage to those with them. This article provides a strong opinion that should be researched further.

Jones, Carwyn, and Cassie Wilson "Defining advantage and athletic performance: The case of Oscar Pistorius." European Journal of Sport Science 9.2 (2009): 125-131. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 10 Nov. 2009. http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3&hid=13&sid=088dcc3b-4301-454d-bf7e-4669224453b5%40sessionmgr14&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph&AN=37141184. This article about whether athletes with disabilities like Oscar Pistorius should be allowed to compete in the Oylmpics and whether they have an unfair advantage.

RICK MORRISSEY, CHICAGO TRIBUNE. "Prosthetic legs unfair advantage for runner :[All Editions]. " The Record 26 Jan. 2008, ProQuest Newsstand, ProQuest. Web. 10 Nov. 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=17&did=1419233561&SrchMode=2&sid=2&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1257885533&clientId=10553 -This article talks about two different cases on athletes using technology to their advantage and whether either should be allowed?

Czerniecki, J.M., and A. Gitter "Insights into amputee running: a muscle work analysis." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 71.4 (1992): 209-218. SPORTDiscus with Full Text. EBSCO. Web. 11 Nov. 2009.http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3&hid=9&sid=2a0fba01-8578-4d53-8b6c-5e204c88adb9%40sessionmgr14&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=s3h&AN=SPH303764. This is study on the comparision of able bodied vs amputee runners and its findings. Still need to find full text of this article.

Oscar Pistorius

Nihal Koshie. "'Blade runner' targets CWG, hoping to peak on time :double amputee Oscar Pistorius aims to run with the able-bodied in New Delhi. " DNA : Daily News & Analysis 28 Sep. 2009, ProQuest Newsstand, ProQuest. Web. 5 Nov. 2009. <http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=13&did=1879481341&SrchMode=2&sid=1&Fmt=4&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1257457275&clientId=10553> This article talks about a runner with prosthetic legs who was originally ruled to compete in the 2008 Olympics for having an unfair advantage over able-bodied runners, but the ruling was later reversed.

Topolsky, Joshua. "Prosthetic-limbed runner disqualified from Olympics." 17 Jan. 2008. Web. 5 Nov. 2009. <http://www.engadget.com/2008/01/17/prosthetic-limbed-runner-disqualified-from-olympics/>. -This is an article that gives an example of someone who was disqualified from the olympics because of his prosthetic abilities.

Author Unkown."'Blade Runner' handed Olympic ban". BBC Sports Olympics. November 6, 2009 <http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics/athletics/7141302.stm>. This article explains in detail why Oscar Pistorius was disqualified.

Kuniholm, J.. "BUILDING A BETTER ARM. " Utne 1 Jul 2009: Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 10 Nov. 2009. This article describes the changes that were made between this man's prosthetic arm and his real arm. It describes the prosthetic arm as better than his original arm.

"Heart of a soldier. " The Ottawa Citizen 29 Sep. 2009, ProQuest Newsstand, ProQuest. Web. 10 Nov. 2009. This article describes a story where technology and determination can outweigh natural athleticism.