JAN 22

2. JAN 22: Unit One: Food, Health, and Nutrition

Assigned Work

• Sonnenbergs, C 1, "What is the Microbiota and Why Should I Care?" (26)
• Read Nutrition, Satisfaction, Practicality and Dietary Change. At least up to, "Designing your diet with NSP.
• View this movie on the Microbiome:

• Microbiota: The Amazing Gut. 2019. Sylvie Gilman. "Hidden deep in our intestines, 100,000 billion bacteria are keeping us healthy by producing a range of molecules. Although their names may be perplexing: Fecali bacterium, Roseburia, Akkermansia mucinifila, Eubacterium halli, as well as being invisible to the naked eye, they could revolutionize the future of medicine. That is, if our modern lifestyle doesn't wipe them out first." On Amazon Prime. [1]
• If you've never seen "Food INC", please plan to watch it some time. A copy is in the shared folder.

In-Class

• Review of 1st Day Food Survey
• NSP segment
• Assign First practice writing.

Food Biographies: 1st Writing and Dropbox practice

• Please write a 200-300 word maximum answer to the following question by Wednesday, January 24, 2023, 11:59pm. This assignment will give us some initial writing to look at and give you practice with the dropbox protocol for turning in pseudonymous writing in the course. For this assignment, the writing itself is ungraded, but you will receive 15 points for following the instructions accurately and meeting the deadline. If you don't get all of the points the first time around, you can get them by showing that you understand the detail in question.

• Topic: What kind of eater are you? How would you describe your relationship to food? The following questions are meant to help you develop your answer. Do not answer the questions directly, but prepare a well-written paragraph drawing on some of the questions that are relevant to you.

• Here are some prompts for you to consider as you prepare your food biographies:

• How would you describe your diet? What categories of foods will you eat or not? On principle or preference?
• Do you like foods related to your ethnicity? Do you cook?
• How important or prominent is food in your memory as a child or your current life or both?
• Do you engage in food related social media activity?
• Are you a good cook? Do you dance when you cook?
• Did your parents or guardians cook from scratch for you? Did they cook? Did you learn to cook?
• How knowledgeable are you about nutrition? Is your experience of food connected to concerns about nutrition and dietary disease or not so much?

• Topic:

1. To assure anonymity, you must remove your name from the the "author name" that you may have provided when you set up your word processing application. For instructions on removing your name from an Word or Google document, [click here]. 3 points.
2. Format your answer in double spaced text, in a typical 12 point font, and using normal margins. Do not add spaces between paragraphs. Indent the first line of each paragraph. 3 points
3. Do not put your name in the file or filename. 3 points. You may put your student ID number in the file, but not in the filename. Always put a word count in the file. Save your file for this assignment with the name: FoodBio. Save it as a .docx file. 3 points.
4. To turn in your assignment, log into courses.alfino.org, click on the "#0 1st Writing and Dropbox practice" dropbox. 3 points
5. If you cannot meet a deadline, you must email me about your circumstances (unless you are having an emergency) before the deadline or you will lose points. 3 points

Using the NSP model to think about dietary design and dietary goals

• Working from the wiki document Nutrition,_Satisfaction,_Practicality_and_Dietary_Change we will look at some of the interactions of N, S, and P.

Visual Aids for thinking about your Microbiota

Sylvie Gilman, "Microbiota: The Amazing Powers of the Gut"

• Opening scene: Birth of a child. We are colonized at birth.

• Microbiota research -- stools. Sequencing technology. The microbiome is the collective 100,000 billion. More than # of cells in your body. Why? (extended genome hypothesis -- example Vitamin C)

• Meet the Sonnenbergs! 5:10 - Microbes manufacture compounds, drugs for us. Digestion, disease protection, vitamin production, brain effects (serotonin). Analogy to a forest. An ecology, really!

• Effects of modern diet - less genetic variety. More thinning. Switches to African aboriginal eaters. Jeff Leach, “Dr. Shit”. Hudza in Tanzania. 2x diversity of gut microbes. Amazon study, also. 50% more diverse. Ancestral lifestyles maintain microbiome diversity.

• 14:15 — effects of antibiotics. Can cause extinction of species. Like a bomb. Mouse studies - even short courses of antibiotics can affect metabolism — weight gain. Immune system changed. Asthma. Effects on young mice more profound, even short term course of antibiotics had long term effects. Possible hypothesis: early exposure < 6 months predicts obesity and asthma by age 7.

• 18:14 — Caesarean births. More research by Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello, Rutgers. New practice of feeding c-section babies with mix of vaginal germs.

• Back to Hudza — health of gut depends on health of environment around us. high fiber diet may be a variable. 22:30. What is effect of low fiber diet on individual and generations? Short chain fatty acids SCFAs (also discussed in Sonnenberg reading. Erica Sonnenberg — mouse study of low fiber diet over 4 generations. Loss of 1/2 of diversity.

• 25:05 — Effects of food additives: Emulsifiers in industrial ice cream and other industrial foods. E433 and E466 - Two widespread emulsifiers in industrial foods (ice cream, salad dressings, candy). Mouse studies again - loss of diversity and thinning of gut mucus. 28:05. Produces intestinal inflammation, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. 27:55 - cool mouse gut cross section showing mucus layer! >anxiety!, diabetes.

• Obesity research suggest microbiota differences. 32:26 - Study: Same diet, different outcomes, correlated with MB diversity. Suggests protective effect on metabolism from a healthy microbiota.

• Inflammatory bowel disease — also Crone’s disease. Absence of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (FP) implicated. More mouse studies. FP has protective effect. Edge of research: Can we add missing bacteria to remedy these conditions?

• Fecal transplants 37:30. Clostridium difficile infection causes 30,000 deaths a year. Often following heavy antibiotic treatment. High cure rate >90%.

• 41:30 Fecal Bank. Open biome, USA. Very selective 3%!. 10,000 treatments a year. 44:15: Segment on Crone’s patient. Tom Gravel. Approached his neighbor for donor stool. 200 donations! Cured. His gastroent impressed. Don't try this at home!

• Oncology segment — immunotherapy. Impoverished microbiota may diminish efficacy of anti-cancer treatments. In human study, effects from anti-biopics prior to cancer treatment, less effective response to treatment. A specific bacterium identified: Akkermansia Muciniphila. More mice.

• Terlingua - Also a site for Leach. Think like an ecologist about your gut. 6 week high fiber diet can increase diversity by 30%. 56:00 Listen to the Sonnenbergs. Treat your gut like a pet!

Sonnenbergs, C 1, "What is the Microbiota and Why Should I Care?"

• How the world looks to a microbiologist! "Without microbes humans wouldn't exist, but if we all disappeared, few of them would notice." 10
• Introduction to the Tube and digestion
• Microbiota Case against the Western Diet

• Inflammatory Bowel Disease. People on Western Diet wo/IBD may still not have healthy M
• Sets the history of human diet in context. Agriculture already a big change, but then industrial ag / industrial foods
• Adaptability of M remarkable. Makes us omnivores. “Microbiota plasticity”
• Baseline M - cant' be health Western Diet eaters. studies of groups like Hadza -- far more diverse.
• 19 - Evolved Symbiotic relationship between us and bacteria --

• Microbiota — Microbiome (the collective genotypes of the residents intestines). Example of Japanese seaweed consuming bacteria.
• types of symbiotic relationship - parasitic (one party benefits at cost to the other), commensal (one party benefits, little or no effect on the other), mutualism (both benefit). Microbiota and us have a symbiotic, mutualist relationship. Think of them as an extension of our genome. !
• The heart warming story of Tremblaya princeps and Moranella endobia. (21) -- why we should be happy mutualists. Delegation and division of labor might create resiliance. But our fates are linked! Oh, the drama of the gut…

• 22-30 - Cultural History and History of Science on Bacteria -- or, how germs got such a bad name.

• Pasteur -- germ theory of diseases.
• The Great Stink 1858 London, Miasma theory disproved, Cholera bacterium, not isolated until near end of century. Dr. Robert Koch. Because of this history we tend to think of bacteria as threats.
• 60-70's: Abbigail Salyers: early pioneer, 2008: Human Microbiome Project. Note how recent this field is. One of the pioneers was still working in 2005.
• Note research questions on p. 28.
• Contemporary research: gnotobiotic mice. early fecal transplant studies of.

• Some functions of the Microbiota:

• Harvesting calories from MACs
• immune system support
• resistance to harmful bacteria
• regulation of metabolism
• production of seratonin
• production of SCFAs, which affect weight control
• involved in production of anti-carcinogenic compounds.
• prevention of IBS and other disorders of the gut.

Some implications of Microbiome research

• Food feeds you and your extended genome. You are eating for trillions!
• Macronutrient information is only part of assessing the potential nutrition from food. MACs (next class)
• It’s all about the tube!